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This book presents both theoretical contributions and empirical
applications of advanced statistical techniques including
geo-additive models that link individual measures with area
variables to account for spatial correlation; multilevel models
that address the issue of clustering within family and household;
multi-process models that account for interdependencies over
life-course events and non-random utilization of health services;
and flexible parametric alternatives to existing intensity models.
These analytical techniques are illustrated mainly through modeling
maternal and child health in the African context, using data from
demographic and health surveys. Â In the past, the estimation
of levels, trends and differentials in demographic and health
outcomes in developing countries was heavily reliant on indirect
methods that were devised to suit limited or deficient data. In
recent decades, world-wide surveys like the World Fertility Survey
and its successor, the Demographic and Health Survey have played an
important role in filling the gap in survey data from developing
countries. Such modern demographic and health surveys enable
investigators to make in-depth analyses that guide policy
intervention strategies, and such analyses require the modern and
advanced statistical techniques covered in this book. Â The
text is ideally suited for academics, professionals, and decision
makers in the social and health sciences, as well as others with an
interest in statistical modelling, demographic and health surveys.
Scientists and students in applied statistics, epidemiology,
medicine, social and behavioural sciences will find it of value.
 Â
This book uses global household data to examine the prevalence,
trends and geographic variation of female genital mutilation (FGM)
around the world. It also addresses the underlying legal and policy
aspects as well as explores the medical consequences, both
immediate and long term, for those undergoing the practice. The
book analyses the position of victims of this gender-based violence
both from the medical and legal perspective and adopts a largely
practical approach to the study of the practices, offering a fresh
thinking into one of the challenges in global health and the law.
In addition, it offers some insights into how health professionals
can approach this category of victims and how legal practitioners
can obtain a good legal result for their clients before domestic
and international forums. The book addresses fundamental issues
such as state liability and defences in enforcement proceedings for
actions or omission of state or non-state actors, and due diligence
standard in international human rights law, the main gateways
available for obtaining relief for the victims of FGM. This book
goes beyond the traditional debate between zero tolerance and those
who wish to see the practice medicalised and tolerated and favours
an advocacy programme standing firmly in favour of the right of FGM
victims. This book offers a unique perspective likely to assist
victims and their representatives to secure a remedy against
perpetrators and the state. As such this book will be of interest
to medical professionals, national and international lawyers,
academics and policymakers in the field of public health.
This book uses global household data to examine the prevalence,
trends and geographic variation of female genital mutilation (FGM)
around the world. It also addresses the underlying legal and policy
aspects as well as explores the medical consequences, both
immediate and long term, for those undergoing the practice. The
book analyses the position of victims of this gender-based violence
both from the medical and legal perspective and adopts a largely
practical approach to the study of the practices, offering a fresh
thinking into one of the challenges in global health and the law.
In addition, it offers some insights into how health professionals
can approach this category of victims and how legal practitioners
can obtain a good legal result for their clients before domestic
and international forums. The book addresses fundamental issues
such as state liability and defences in enforcement proceedings for
actions or omission of state or non-state actors, and due diligence
standard in international human rights law, the main gateways
available for obtaining relief for the victims of FGM. This book
goes beyond the traditional debate between zero tolerance and those
who wish to see the practice medicalised and tolerated and favours
an advocacy programme standing firmly in favour of the right of FGM
victims. This book offers a unique perspective likely to assist
victims and their representatives to secure a remedy against
perpetrators and the state. As such this book will be of interest
to medical professionals, national and international lawyers,
academics and policymakers in the field of public health.
This book presents both theoretical contributions and empirical
applications of advanced statistical techniques including
geo-additive models that link individual measures with area
variables to account for spatial correlation; multilevel models
that address the issue of clustering within family and household;
multi-process models that account for interdependencies over
life-course events and non-random utilization of health services;
and flexible parametric alternatives to existing intensity models.
These analytical techniques are illustrated mainly through modeling
maternal and child health in the African context, using data from
demographic and health surveys. In the past, the estimation of
levels, trends and differentials in demographic and health outcomes
in developing countries was heavily reliant on indirect methods
that were devised to suit limited or deficient data. In recent
decades, world-wide surveys like the World Fertility Survey and its
successor, the Demographic and Health Survey have played an
important role in filling the gap in survey data from developing
countries. Such modern demographic and health surveys enable
investigators to make in-depth analyses that guide policy
intervention strategies, and such analyses require the modern and
advanced statistical techniques covered in this book. The text is
ideally suited for academics, professionals, and decision makers in
the social and health sciences, as well as others with an interest
in statistical modelling, demographic and health surveys.
Scientists and students in applied statistics, epidemiology,
medicine, social and behavioural sciences will find it of value.
In order to assist a hospital in managing its resources and
patients, modelling the length of stay is highly important. Recent
health scholarship and practice has largely remained empirical,
dwelling on primary data. This is critically important, first,
because health planners generally rely on data to establish trends
and patterns of disease burden at national or regional level.
Secondly, epidemiologists depend on data to investigate possible
risk factors of the disease. Yet the use of routine or secondary
data has, in recent years, proved increasingly significant in such
endeavours. Various units within the health systems collected such
data primarily as part of the process for surveillance, monitoring
and evaluation. Such data is sometimes periodically supplemented by
population-based sample survey datasets. Thirdly, coupled with
statistical tools, public health professionals are able to analyze
health data and breathe life into what may turn out to be
meaningless data. The main focus of this book is to present and
showcase advanced modelling of routine or secondary survey data.
Studies demonstrate that statistical literacy and knowledge are
needed to understand health research outputs. The advent of
user-friendly statistical packages combined with computing power
and widespread availability of public health data resulted in more
reported epidemiological studies in literature. However, analysis
of secondary data, has some unique challenges. These are most
widely reported health literature, so far has failed to recognize
resulting in inappropriate analysis, and erroneous conclusions.
This book presents the application of advanced statistical
techniques to real examples emanating from routine or secondary
survey data. These are essentially datasets in which the two
editors have been involved, demonstrating how to tackle these
challenges. Some of these challenges are: the complex sampling
design of the surveys, the hierarchical nature of the data, the
dependence of data at the sampled cluster and missing data among
many more challenges. Using data from the Health Management
Information System (HMIS), and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS),
we provide various approaches and techniques of dealing with data
complexity, how to handle correlated or clustered data. Each
chapter presents an example code, which can be used to analyze
similar data in R, Stata or SPSS. To make the book more concise, we
have provided the codes on the book's website. The book considers
four main topics in the field of health sciences research: (i)
structural equation modeling; (ii) spatial and spatio-temporal
modeling; (iii) correlated or clustered copula modeling; and (iv)
survival analysis. The book has potential to impact methodologists,
including students undertaking Master's or Doctoral level
programmes as well as other researchers seeking some related
reference on quantitative analysis in public health or health
sciences or other areas where data of similar nature would be
applicable. Further the book can be a resource to public health
professionals interested in quantitative approaches to answer
questions of epidemiological nature. Each chapter starts with a
motivating background, review of statistical methods, analysis and
results, ending discussion and possible recommendations.
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