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Over the past 30 years, merger control has become well-established
around the world with broad consensus around its ambit and
objectives. That consensus has fractured in recent years.
Enforcement today is at a critical juncture, facing an array of
challenges and calls for reform unprecedented in their scope and
intensity. Authored by leading legal practitioners, economists,
enforcers, and jurists, this timely Research Handbook on Global
Merger Control discusses various critiques that have been made and
considers an array of jurisdictional, procedural, substantive, and
other issues that are generating intense debate across the
antitrust community. These include the scope and objectives of
merger control, whether merger control can be reconciled with
industrial policy, whether the consumer welfare standard is an
appropriate tool for substantive assessment, whether merger control
should be used to meet broader policy objectives, and whether
existing rules and presumptions are appropriate for the digital
age. This Handbook will be of great value to anyone interested in
global merger control, digital markets, industrial policy, and the
role of public interest considerations. It provides an excellent
tool for academics and practitioners looking to gain a rounded view
of current issues in global merger control and an understanding of
how enforcement is likely to evolve.
General Motors, the largest corporation on earth today, has been
the owner since 1929 of Adam Opel AG, Russelsheim, the maker of
Opel cars. Ford Motor Company in 1931 built the Ford Werke factory
in Cologne, now the headquarters of European Ford. In this book,
historians tell the astonishing story of what happened at Opel and
Ford Werke under the Third Reich, and of the aftermath today. Long
before the Second World War, key American executives at Ford and
General Motors were eager to do business with Nazi Germany. Ford
Werke and Opel became indispensable suppliers to the German armed
forces, together providing most of the trucks that later motorized
the Nazi attempt to conquer Europe. After the outbreak of war in
1939, Opel converted its largest factory to warplane parts
production, and both companies set up extensive maintenance and
repair networks to help keep the war machine on wheels. During the
war, the Nazi Reich used millions of POWs, civilians from
German-occupied countries, and concentration camp prisoners as
forced laborers in the German homefront economy. Starting in 1940,
Ford Werke and Opel also made use of thousands of forced laborers.
POWs and civilian detainees, deported to Germany by the Nazi
authorities, were kept at private camps owned and managed by the
companies. In the longest section of the book, ten people who were
forced to work at Ford Werke recall their experiences in oral
testimonies. For more than fifty years, legal and political
obstacles frustrated efforts to gain compensation for Nazi-era
forced labor; in the most recent case, a $12 billion lawsuit was
filed against the computer giant I.B.M. by a group of Gypsy
organizations. In 1998, former forced laborers filed dozens of
class action lawsuits against German corporations in U.S. courts.
The concluding chapter reviews the subsequent, immensely complex
negotiations towards a settlement - which involved Germany, the
United States, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Czech Republic,
Israel and several other countries, as well as dozens of well-known
German corporations.
Proposes a theory of collective and national identity based on
culture and language rather than power and politics. In the text
the author applies this theory to what he calls Germany's axial age
and shows how the codes of 19th-century German identity in turn
became those of the divided Germany between 1945 and 1989. The
identity described in the text derives from the ideas of German
intellectuals, from the uprooted Romantic poets to the influential
German mandarins. Carried by the emerging bourgeoisie, it was
constructed on the tensions between power and spirit, money and
culture, and the sacred and profane. The book discusses how German
identity also took four distinct forms: the nation as the invisible
public of Enlightenment patriotism; the nation as the Romantics'
aesthetic holy grail; the Left Hegelian nation at the barricades of
democracy; and the nation as an extension of the Prussian state.
This book proposes a theory of collective and national identity
based on culture and language rather than power and politics.
Applying this to what he calls Germany's 'axial age', Bernhard
Giesen shows how the codes of nineteenth-century German identity in
turn became those of the divided Germany between 1945 and 1989. The
identity he describes derives from the ideas of German
intellectuals, from the uprooted Romantic poets to the influential
German mandarins. Carried by the emerging bourgeoisie, it was
constructed on the tensions between power and spirit, money and
culture, and the sacred and profane.
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