The purpose of this book is to honour D.S. Prasada Rao and his many outstanding contributions to economic measurement, including index number methods for international comparisons of prices, real incomes, output, and productivity; stochastic approaches to index numbers; purchasing power parities for the measurement of regional and global inequality and poverty; and measurement of income and economic insecurity. This book brings together contributions by well-known and influential researchers in the field of economic measurement with special focus on topics in productivity measurement (Part I); income and health inequality, inequality of opportunity, and measurement of insecurity (Part II); index number theory and applications to consumer price index numbers, international comparisons of prices and real expenditures, and housing price index numbers (Part III). The chapters are authored by eminent researchers including Conchita D'Ambrosio, Bert Balk, Erwin Diewert, Robert Hill, Robert Inklaar, Knox Lovell, Robin Sickles, Jacques Silber and Marcel Timmer. The contributed papers offer in-depth reviews of the state of the art in these areas with a focus on the existing methods and applications, making the volume an invaluable source for both experienced researchers and new researchers, including PhD and other postgraduate students.