Originality is an important element in different branches of law. For instance, under Belgian contract law, a written mutual agreement must be drafted in as many originals as there are parties. In other branches of law, there are requirements for the preservation of original documents. However, while originality may be an element common to different branches of law, there are clear indications that the precise meaning of this notion may be rather divergent between them. Moreover, the introduction of digital processes in many aspects of law has provided another dimension to this matter, as originality remains a difficult element to apply in the realm of electronic information.Currently, there are little to no guidelines on how to establish when electronic information is original and when it is not. Therefore, it is the aim of this book to analyse a select number of incarnations of the originality requirement in different branches of Belgian law in order to establish whether common elements or a common root can be found. These findings will subsequently be applied to the practice of digitalization in law in order to gain a better understanding of how the concept of originality should be interpreted in this matter.At a time when issues arising from digitalization in law are increasingly prevalent, this book aims to provide the reader with an examination of the current situation and attempts to find a uniform legal definition for the concept of originality that would be applicable across different branches of law.

In the last few years, the cryptocurrency bitcoin has repeatedly made worldwide headlines with its fluctuations in value and the uncertainty regarding the legal framework under which it operates. While bitcoin has swiftly become the foremost example of a virtual currency, it is by no means the only one. In-game currencies and currencies used as part of a loyalty scheme are examples as of other forms of virtual currencies. Moreover, new forms of virtual currency used mainly for investment purposes - derived from cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin - are rapidly gaining hold. This book focuses on the legal aspects of virtual currencies from the perspective of financial and economic law. It establishes a typology of virtual currencies and assesses whether they can be considered as money. The author analyzes whether the EU legal frameworks on electronic money, payment services, anti-money laundering, and markets in financial instruments can be applied to virtual currencies. A functional comparison is made to the US, where more regulatory initiative has been identified. The book concludes by answering the question of whether - and how - virtual currencies should be regulated within the EU.

This book focuses on the financial and economic law framework regarding virtual currencies or crypto-assets in Europe. It establishes a typology of virtual currencies or crypto-assets and assesses whether they can be considered as money. It analyzes whether the existing EU legal frameworks on electronic money, payment services, anti-money laundering, and markets in financial instruments can be applied to virtual currencies or crypto-assets. A functional comparison is made to the US, where more regulatory initiative has been identified.