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What is international science and how does it function? This book
answers these questions through a detailed study of international
congresses on genetics held from 1899 to 1939. It presents a
portrait of international science as a product of continuous
interactions that involved scientists and their patrons within
specific political, ideological, and disciplinary contexts. Drawing
on a variety of archival sources - ranging from Stalin's personal
papers to the records of the Gestapo and from the correspondence
among scientists in different countries to the minutes of the
Soviet government's top-secret meetings - it depicts the operations
of international science at a time of great political tensions.
Krementsov breaks with the view of science as either inherently
national or quintessentially international, examining instead the
intersection between national and international agendas in
scientists' activities. Focusing on the dramatic history of the
Seventh international genetics congress, he investigates
contradictions inherent to scientists' dual loyalties to their
country and their science. Through analysis of negotiations among
three groups of actors involved with the organization of the
congress, Krementsov examines the role of ideologies, patronage,
and personal networks in the operations of international science.
What is international science and how does it function? This book
answers these questions through a detailed study of international
congresses on genetics held from 1899 to 1939. It presents a
portrait of international science as a product of continuous
interactions that involved scientists and their patrons within
specific political, ideological, and disciplinary contexts. Drawing
on a variety of archival sources - ranging from Stalin's personal
papers to the records of the Gestapo and from the correspondence
among scientists in different countries to the minutes of the
Soviet government's top-secret meetings - it depicts the operations
of international science at a time of great political tensions.
Krementsov breaks with the view of science as either inherently
national or quintessentially international, examining instead the
intersection between national and international agendas in
scientists' activities. Focusing on the dramatic history of the
Seventh international genetics congress, he investigates
contradictions inherent to scientists' dual loyalties to their
country and their science. Through analysis of negotiations among
three groups of actors involved with the organization of the
congress, Krementsov examines the role of ideologies, patronage,
and personal networks in the operations of international science.
This volume examines the international impact of Lysenkoism in its
namesake's heyday and the reasons behind Lysenko's rehabilitation
in Russia today. By presenting the rise and fall of T.D. Lysenko in
its various aspects, the authors provide a fresh perspective on one
of the most notorious episodes in the history of science.
This volume covers the global history of the Lysenko controversy,
while exploring in greater depth the background of D. Lysenko's
career and influence in the USSR. By presenting the rise and fall
of T.D. Lysenko in a variety of aspects-his influence upon art,
unrecognized predecessors, and the extent to which genetics
continued in the USSR even while he was in power, and the revival
of his reputation today-the authors provide a fresh perspective on
one of the most notorious episodes in the history of science.
This volume covers the global history of the Lysenko controversy,
while exploring in greater depth the background of D. Lysenko's
career and influence in the USSR. By presenting the rise and fall
of T.D. Lysenko in a variety of aspects-his influence upon art,
unrecognized predecessors, and the extent to which genetics
continued in the USSR even while he was in power, and the revival
of his reputation today-the authors provide a fresh perspective on
one of the most notorious episodes in the history of science.
Did America try to steal Soviet "cancer secrets"? And how could a
cancer cure turn into a "biological atomic bomb"? Nikolai
Krementsov's compelling tale of cancer and politics is the story of
a husband-and-wife team who developed a promising anticancer
treatment in Stalin's Russia, only to see their discovery entangled
in Cold War rivalries, ideological conflict, and scientific turf
wars.
In 1946, Nina Kliueva and Grigorii Roskin announced the discovery
of a preparation able to "dissolve" tumors in mice. Preliminary
clinical trials suggested that KR, named after its developers,
might work in humans as well. Media hype surrounding KR prompted
the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union to seek U.S.-Soviet
cooperation in perfecting the possible cure. But the escalating
Cold War gave this American interest a double edge. Though it
helped Kliueva and Roskin solicit impressive research support from
the Soviet leadership, including Stalin, it also thrust the couple
into the center of an ideological confrontation between the
superpowers. Accused of divulging "state secrets" to America, the
couple were put on a show trial, and their "antipatriotic sins"
were condemned in Soviet stage and film productions.
Parlaying their notoriety into increased funding, Kliueva and
Roskin continued their research, but envious colleagues discredited
their work and took over their institute. For years, work on KR
languished and ceased entirely with the deaths of Kliueva and
Roskin. But recently, the Russian press reported that work on KR
has begun again, reopening this illuminating story of the
intersection among Cold War politics, personal ideals, and
biomedical research.
This volume examines the international impact of Lysenkoism in its
namesake's heyday and the reasons behind Lysenko's rehabilitation
in Russia today. By presenting the rise and fall of T.D. Lysenko in
its various aspects, the authors provide a fresh perspective on one
of the most notorious episodes in the history of science.
The idea that morally, mentally, and physically superior ‘new
men’ might replace the currently existing mankind has
periodically seized the imagination of intellectuals, leaders, and
reformers throughout history. This volume offers a
multidisciplinary investigation into how the ‘new man’ was made
in Russia and the early Soviet Union in the first third of the 20th
century. The traditional narrative of the Soviet ‘new man’ as a
creature forged by propaganda is challenged by the strikingly new
and varied case studies presented here. The book focuses on the
interplay between the rapidly developing experimental life
sciences, such as biology, medicine, and psychology, and countless
cultural products, ranging from film and fiction, dolls and museum
exhibits to pedagogical projects, sculptures, and exemplary
agricultural fairs. With contributions from scholars based in the
United States, Canada, the UK, Germany and Russia, the picture that
emerges is emphatically more complex, contradictory, and suggestive
of strong parallels with other ‘new man’ visions in Europe and
elsewhere. In contrast to previous interpretations that focused
largely on the apparent disconnect between utopian ‘new man’
rhetoric and the harsh realities of everyday life in the Soviet
Union, this volume brings to light the surprising historical
trajectories of ‘new man’ visions, their often obscure origins,
acclaimed and forgotten champions, unexpected and complicated
results, and mutual interrelations. In short, the volume is a
timely examination of a recurring theme in modern history, when
dramatic advancements in science and technology conjoin with
anxieties about the future to fuel dreams of a new and improved
mankind.
The idea that morally, mentally, and physically superior ‘new
men’ might replace the currently existing mankind has
periodically seized the imagination of intellectuals, leaders, and
reformers throughout history. This volume offers a
multidisciplinary investigation into how the ‘new man’ was made
in Russia and the early Soviet Union in the first third of the 20th
century. The traditional narrative of the Soviet ‘new man’ as a
creature forged by propaganda is challenged by the strikingly new
and varied case studies presented here. The book focuses on the
interplay between the rapidly developing experimental life
sciences, such as biology, medicine, and psychology, and countless
cultural products, ranging from film and fiction, dolls and museum
exhibits to pedagogical projects, sculptures, and exemplary
agricultural fairs. With contributions from scholars based in the
United States, Canada, the UK, Germany and Russia, the picture that
emerges is emphatically more complex, contradictory, and suggestive
of strong parallels with other ‘new man’ visions in Europe and
elsewhere. In contrast to previous interpretations that focused
largely on the apparent disconnect between utopian ‘new man’
rhetoric and the harsh realities of everyday life in the Soviet
Union, this volume brings to light the surprising historical
trajectories of ‘new man’ visions, their often obscure origins,
acclaimed and forgotten champions, unexpected and complicated
results, and mutual interrelations. In short, the volume is a
timely examination of a recurring theme in modern history, when
dramatic advancements in science and technology conjoin with
anxieties about the future to fuel dreams of a new and improved
mankind.
Who are we? Where did we come from and where are we going? What is
the meaning of life and death? Can we abolish death and live
forever? These "big" questions of human nature and human destiny
have boggled humanity's best minds for centuries. But they assumed
a particular urgency and saliency in 1920s Russia, just as the
country was emerging from nearly a decade of continuous warfare,
political turmoil, persistent famine, and deadly epidemics,
generating an enormous variety of fantastic social, scientific, and
literary experiments that sought to answer these "perpetual"
existential questions. This book investigates the interplay between
actual (scientific) and fictional (literary) experiments that
manipulated sex gonads in animals and humans, searched for "rays of
life" froze and thawed butterflies and bats, kept alive severed dog
heads, and produced various tissue extracts (hormones), all
fostering a powerful image of "science that conquers death."
Revolutionary Experiments explores the intersection between social
and scientific revolutions, documenting the rapid growth of
science's funding, institutions, personnel, public resonance, and
cultural authority in the aftermath of the 1917 Bolshevik
Revolution. It examines why and how biomedical sciences came to
occupy such a prominent place in the stories of numerous
litterateurs and in the culture and society of post-revolutionary
Russia more generally. Nikolai Krementsov argues that the
collective, though not necessarily coordinated, efforts of
scientists, their Bolshevik patrons, and their literary
fans/critics effectively transformed specialized knowledge
generated by experimental biomedical research into an influential
cultural resource that facilitated the establishment of large
specialized institutions, inspired numerous science-fiction
stories, displaced religious beliefs, and gave the millennia-old
dream of immortality new forms and new meanings in Bolshevik
Russia.
Much like Vladimir Lenin, his onetime rival for the leadership of
the Bolshevik party during its formative years, Alexander Bogdanov
(1873-1928) was a visionary. In two science fiction novels set on
Mars, Bogdanov imagined a future in which the workers of the world,
liberated from capitalist exploitation, create a "physiological
collective" that rejuvenates and unites its members through regular
blood exchanges. But Bogdanov was not merely a dreamer. He worked
tirelessly to popularize and realize his vision, founding the first
research institute devoted to the science of blood transfusion. In"
A Martian Stranded on Earth," the first broad-based book on
Bogdanov in English, Nikolai Krementsov examines Bogdanov's roles
as revolutionary, novelist, and scientist, presenting his
protagonist as a coherent thinker who pursued his ideas in a wide
range of venues. Through the lens of Bogdanov's involvement with
blood studies on one hand, and of his fictional and philosophical
writings on the other, Krementsov offers a nuanced analysis of the
interactions between scientific ideas and societal values.
Did America try to steal Soviet "cancer secrets"? And how could a
cancer cure turn into a "biological atomic bomb"? Nikolai
Krementsov's compelling tale of cancer and politics is the story of
a husband-and-wife team who developed a promising anticancer
treatment in Stalin's Russia, only to see their discovery entangled
in Cold War rivalries, ideological conflict, and scientific turf
wars.
In 1946, Nina Kliueva and Grigorii Roskin announced the discovery
of a preparation able to "dissolve" tumors in mice. Preliminary
clinical trials suggested that KR, named after its developers,
might work in humans as well. Media hype surrounding KR prompted
the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union to seek U.S.-Soviet
cooperation in perfecting the possible cure. But the escalating
Cold War gave this American interest a double edge. Though it
helped Kliueva and Roskin solicit impressive research support from
the Soviet leadership, including Stalin, it also thrust the couple
into the center of an ideological confrontation between the
superpowers. Accused of divulging "state secrets" to America, the
couple were put on a show trial, and their "antipatriotic sins"
were condemned in Soviet stage and film productions.
Parlaying their notoriety into increased funding, Kliueva and
Roskin continued their research, but envious colleagues discredited
their work and took over their institute. For years, work on KR
languished and ceased entirely with the deaths of Kliueva and
Roskin. But recently, the Russian press reported that work on KR
has begun again, reopening this illuminating story of the
intersection among Cold War politics, personal ideals, and
biomedical research.
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