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Core tourist sites for the classical world are the ruins of those
many and scattered examples of 'lost' and abandoned towns - from
Pompeii to Timgad to Ephesus and Petra. Usually studied for their
peaks and growth, rarely are their ends explored in detail, to
consider the processes of loss and also to trace their
'afterlives', when they were often robbed for materials even if
still hosting remnant populations.This volume breaks new ground by
examining the phenomenon of urban loss and abandonment from Roman
to medieval times across the former Roman Empire. Through a series
of case studies two main aspects are examined: firstly, the
sequences and chronologies of loss of sites, roles, structures,
people, identity; and secondly the methodologies of study of these
sites - from early discoveries and exploitation of such sites to
current archaeological and scientific approaches (notably
excavation, urban survey, georadar and geophysics) to studying
these crucial centres and their fates. How can we determine the
causes of urban failure - whether economic, military,
environmental, political or even religious? How drawn out was the
process of urban decay and abandonment? What were the natures of
the afterlives of these sites which archaeology is beginning to
trace? How far does scrutiny of these 'extinct' sites help in
discussion of archaeological trajectories of sites that persisted?
The fourteen core chapters in this collection consider specific
examples and case studies of such 'lost' classical cities from
across the many Roman provinces in order to address these
questions. Bringing together an array of archaeological and
historical voices to share views on and findings from excavations
and surveys of 'failed' towns, this volume offers much to scholars
of Roman, late antique and early medieval and medieval archaeology
and history.
Core tourist sites for the classical world are the ruins of those
many and scattered examples of 'lost' and abandoned towns - from
Pompeii to Timgad to Ephesus and Petra. Usually studied for their
peaks and growth, rarely are their ends explored in detail, to
consider the processes of loss and also to trace their
'afterlives', when they were often robbed for materials even if
still hosting remnant populations.This volume breaks new ground by
examining the phenomenon of urban loss and abandonment from Roman
to medieval times across the former Roman Empire. Through a series
of case studies two main aspects are examined: firstly, the
sequences and chronologies of loss of sites, roles, structures,
people, identity; and secondly the methodologies of study of these
sites - from early discoveries and exploitation of such sites to
current archaeological and scientific approaches (notably
excavation, urban survey, georadar and geophysics) to studying
these crucial centres and their fates. How can we determine the
causes of urban failure - whether economic, military,
environmental, political or even religious? How drawn out was the
process of urban decay and abandonment? What were the natures of
the afterlives of these sites which archaeology is beginning to
trace? How far does scrutiny of these 'extinct' sites help in
discussion of archaeological trajectories of sites that persisted?
The fourteen core chapters in this collection consider specific
examples and case studies of such 'lost' classical cities from
across the many Roman provinces in order to address these
questions. Bringing together an array of archaeological and
historical voices to share views on and findings from excavations
and surveys of 'failed' towns, this volume offers much to scholars
of Roman, late antique and early medieval and medieval archaeology
and history.
This book offers an overview of the archaeological and structural
evidence for one of the most vital periods of Italian history,
spanning the late Roman and early medieval periods. The
chronological scope covers the adoption of Christianity and the
emergence of Rome as the seat of Western Christendom, the break-up
of the Roman west in the face of internal decay and the settlement
of non-Romans and Germanic groups, the impact of Germanic and
Byzantine rule on Italy until the rise of Charlemagne and of a
Papal State in the later eighth century. Presenting a detailed
review and analysis of recent discoveries by archaeologists,
historians, art historians, numismatists and architectural
historians, Neil Christie identifies the changes brought about by
the Church in town and country, the level of change within Italy
under Rome before and after occupation by Ostrogoths, Byzantines
and Lombards, and reviews wider changes in urbanism, rural
exploitation and defence. The emphasis is on human settlement on
its varied levels - town, country, fort, refuge - and the
assessment of how these evolved and the changes that impacted on
them. Too long neglected as a 'Dark Age', this book helps to
further illuminate this fascinating and dynamic period of European
history.
Only in recent years has archaeology begun to examine in a coherent
manner the transformation of the landscape from classical through
to medieval times. In Landscapes of Change, leading scholars in the
archaeology of the late antique and early medieval periods address
the key results and directions of Roman rural fieldwork. In so
doing, they highlight problems of analysis and interpretation
whilst also identifying the variety of transformations that rural
Europe experienced during and following the decline of Roman
hegemony. Whilst documents and standing buildings predominate in
the urban context to provide a coherent and tangible guide to the
evolving urban form and its society since Roman times, the
countryside in many ages remains rather shadowy - a context for the
cultivation, gathering and movement of food and other resources,
inhabited by farmers, villagers and miners. Whilst the Roman period
is adequately served through occasional extant remains and through
the survey and excavation of villas and farmsteads, as well as the
writings of agronomists, the medieval one is generally well marked
by the presence of still extant villages across Europe, often
dependent on castles and manors which symbolise the so-called
'feudal' centuries. But the intervening period, the fourth to tenth
centuries, is that with the least documentation and with the fewest
survivals. What happened to the settlement units that made up the
Roman rural world? When and why do new settlement forms emerge?
Landscapes of Change is essential reading for anyone wanting an
up-to-date summary of the results of archaeological and historical
investigations into the changing countryside of the late Roman,
late antique and early medieval world, between the fourth and tenth
centuries AD. It questions numerous aspects of change and
continuity, assessing the levels of impact of military and economic
decay, the spread and influence of Christianity, and the role of
Germanic, Slav and Arab settlements in disrupting and redefining
the ancient rural landscapes.
Regularly the media reminds us that while crime rates fall, fear of
crime remains and prison populations soar. How can these apparent
contradictions be so?
Crime and punishment are social and cultural manifestations; they
are closely bound up with people's perceptions of morality, norms
and values. In this book Nils Christie argues that crime is a fluid
and shallow concept - acts that could be constructed as criminal
are unlimited and crime is therefore in endless supply. It should
not be forgotten that there are alternatives, both in the
definition of crime and in responses to it.
"A Suitable Amount of Crime" looks at the great variations between
countries in what are considered "unwanted acts," how many are
constructed as criminal and how many are punished. It explains the
differences between eastern and western Europe, between the United
States and the rest of the world. The author laments the size of
prison populations in countries with large penal sectors, and asks
whether the international community has a moral obligation to
"shame" states that are punitive in the extreme.
The book is written in an engaging and easily accessible style and
will appeal to anyone interested in understanding contemporary
problems of crime and punishment.
Regularly the media reminds us that while crime rates fall, fear of
crime remains and prison populations soar. How can these apparent
contradictions be so?
Crime and punishment are social and cultural manifestations; they
are closely bound up with people's perceptions of morality, norms
and values. In this book Nils Christie argues that crime is a fluid
and shallow concept - acts that could be constructed as criminal
are unlimited and crime is therefore in endless supply. It should
not be forgotten that there are alternatives, both in the
definition of crime and in responses to it.
"A Suitable Amount of Crime" looks at the great variations between
countries in what are considered "unwanted acts," how many are
constructed as criminal and how many are punished. It explains the
differences between eastern and western Europe, between the United
States and the rest of the world. The author laments the size of
prison populations in countries with large penal sectors, and asks
whether the international community has a moral obligation to
"shame" states that are punitive in the extreme.
The book is written in an engaging and easily accessible style and
will appeal to anyone interested in understanding contemporary
problems of crime and punishment.
This monograph details the results of a major archaeological
project based on and around the historic town of Wallingford in
south Oxfordshire. Founded in the late Saxon period as a key
defensive and administrative focus next to the Thames, the
settlement also contained a substantial royal castle established
shortly after the Norman Conquest. The volume traces the pre-town
archaeology of Wallingford and then analyses the town s physical
and social evolution, assessing defences, churches, housing,
markets, material culture, coinage, communications and hinterland.
Core questions running through the volume relate to the roles of
the River Thames and of royal power in shaping Wallingford s
fortunes and identity and in explaining the town s severe and early
decline."
Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 is a
major assessment and review of the origins, forms and evolutions of
medieval rural settlement in Britain and Ireland across the period
c. AD 800-1600. It offers a comprehensive analysis of early to late
medieval settlement, land use, economics and population, bringing
together evidence drawn from archaeological excavations and
surveys, historical geographical analysis and documentary and
place-name study. It is intended to be the flagship publication of
the Medieval Settlement Research Group (MSRG) which has a long and
distinguished history of exploring, debating and promoting research
and offers systematic appraisal of 60 years' work across the whole
field of medieval settlement, designed to inspire the next
generation of researchers. Part I comprises a set of papers
exploring the history of medieval rural settlement research in
Britain and Ireland, the evolving methodologies, the roots of the
medieval landscape and the place of power in these settlements and
landscapes. Part II presents an extensive series of regional and
national reviews detailing contexts, histories of study, forms,
evolutions and future research needs. These extensive contributions
also include "feature boxes" on key themes, sites to visit and main
excavations in the study areas discussed. A final section provides
guidance on how to research and study medieval rural sites - from
laptop to test-pit. Extensively illustrated in colour and black and
white, and written by expert contributors, the volume includes a
comprehensive, integrated bibliography and an index. Medieval Rural
Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 will be essential
reading for everyone researching and interested in medieval
settlements and the medieval rural landscape.
Twenty-three contributions by leading archaeologists from across
Europe explore the varied forms, functions and significances of
fortified settlements in the 8th to 10th centuries AD. These could
be sites of strongly martial nature, upland retreats, monastic
enclosures, rural seats, island bases, or urban nuclei. But they
were all expressions of control - of states, frontiers, lands,
materials, communities - and ones defined by walls, ramparts or
enclosing banks. Papers run from Irish cashels to Welsh and Pictish
strongholds, Saxon burhs, Viking fortresses, Byzantine castra,
Carolingian creations, Venetian barricades, Slavic strongholds, and
Bulgarian central places, and coverage extends fully from
north-west Europe, to central Europe, the northern Mediterranean
and the Black Sea. Strongly informed by recent fieldwork and
excavations, but drawing also where available on the documentary
record, this important collection provides fully up-to-date reviews
and analyses of the archaeologies of the distinctive settlement
forms that characterised Europe in the Early Middle Ages.
The brief title doesn't really reflect the wealth of information in
the three reports in this book. Arising from the British School at
Rome's archaeological survey in southern Etruria between 1950 and
1975, they provide important evidence for the transition years
between Roman and Medieval. Santa Cornelia, the abandoned site of a
medieval monastic seat built from and among the remains of Roman
buildings, yielded detailed information about the background,
origins and development of the monastery; at Santa Rufina, the
traditional site of the burial and centre of the cult of the third
century martyr Rufina, excavations revealed a chapel, defensive
walls, piazza and timber huts, part of a medieval settlement,
overlying a late Roman mausoleum and catacombs, and earlier
buildings; at San Liberato the fabric of the surviving church is
recorded and analysed to determine its history and development from
the early Middle Ages. All reports carry full accounts of the
finds, sculptures and inscriptions.
In this volume of papers, deriving from two conferences held in
Rome and Leicester in 2016, nineteen leading European
archaeologists discuss and interpret the complex evolution of
landscapes - both urban and rural - across Late Antiquity and the
Early Middle Ages (c. AD 300-700). The geographical coverage
extends from Italy to the Mediterranean West through to the Rhine
frontier and onto Hadrian's Wall. Core are questions of impacts due
to the socio-political, religious, military and economic
transformations affecting provinces, territories and kingdoms
across these often turbulent centuries: how did townscapes change
and at what rate? What were the fates of villas? When do
post-classical landscapes emerge and in what form? To what degree
did Europe become an insecure, defended landscape? In what ways did
people - cityfolk, farmers, nobility, churchmen, merchants - adapt?
Do the elite remain visible and how prominent is the Church? Where
and how do we see culture change through the arrival of new groups
or new ideas? Do burials form a clear guide to the changing world?
And how did the environment change in this period of stress - was
the classical period landscape much altered through the attested
depopulation and economic deterioration? And underlying much of the
discussion is a consideration of the nature and quality of our
source material: how good is the archaeology of these periods and
how good is our current reading of the materials available?
Combined, these expert studies offer valuable new analyses of
people and places in a complex, challenging and crucial period in
European history.
The decline of the Roman Empire has been a subject of fascination
and debate for centuries. In this original new work, Neil Christie
draws on numerous sources, interweaving the latest archaeological
evidence, to reconstruct the period's landscape and events. In the
process, he rethinks some of historians' most widely held and
long-established views: Was the Empire's disintegration caused
primarily by external or internal factors? Why did the Eternal City
of Old Rome collapse in the West, while the 'New Rome' of
Constantinople endured in the East? What was destroyed and what
remained of Roman culture after successive invasions by Vandals,
Goths, Huns and other 'barbarians', and what was the impact of the
new Christian religion? As Christie expertly demonstrates, the
archaeology of the late Roman period reveals intriguing answers to
these and other questions. Taking an innovative, interdisciplinary
approach that combines traditional historical methods and a unique
familiarity with the Empire's physical remnants, he uncovers new
aspects of Rome's military struggles, its shifting geography, and
the everyday lives of its subjects. Written in a clear, accessible
style, The Fall of the Western Roman Empire is a perfect
introduction for newcomers to the subject, and essential reading
for undergraduate students and specialists in archaeology and
ancient history.
The decline of the Roman Empire has been a subject of fascination
and debate for centuries. In this original new work, Neil Christie
draws on numerous sources, interweaving the latest archaeological
evidence, to reconstruct the period's landscape and events. In the
process, he rethinks some of historians' most widely held and
long-established views: Was the Empire's disintegration caused
primarily by external or internal factors? Why did the Eternal City
of Old Rome collapse in the West, while the 'New Rome' of
Constantinople endured in the East? What was destroyed and what
remained of Roman culture after successive invasions by Vandals,
Goths, Huns and other 'barbarians', and what was the impact of the
new Christian religion? As Christie expertly demonstrates, the
archaeology of the late Roman period reveals intriguing answers to
these and other questions. Taking an innovative, interdisciplinary
approach that combines traditional historical methods and a unique
familiarity with the Empire's physical remnants, he uncovers new
aspects of Rome's military struggles, its shifting geography, and
the everyday lives of its subjects. Written in a clear, accessible
style, The Fall of the Western Roman Empire is a perfect
introduction for newcomers to the subject, and essential reading
for undergraduate students and specialists in archaeology and
ancient history.
Crime Control As Industry, translated into many languages, is a
modern classic of criminology and sociology. Nils Christie, one of
the leading criminologists of his era, argues that crime control,
rather than crime itself is the real danger for our future. Prison
populations, especially in Russia and America, have grown at an
increasingly rapid rate and show no signs of slowing. Christie
argues that this vast and growing population is the equivalent of a
modern gulag, run by a rapacious industry, both public and private,
with vested interests in incarceration. Pain and confinement are
products, like any other, with a potentially limitless supply of
resources. Widely hailed as a classic account of crime and
restorative justice Crime Control As Industry's prophetic insights
and proposed solutions are essential reading for anyone interested
in crime and the global penal system. This Routledge Classics
edition includes a new foreword by David Garland.
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