This book provides an essential overview of the broad range of functional brain imaging techniques, as well as neuroscientific methods suitable for various scientific tasks in fundamental and clinical neuroscience. It also shares information on novel methods in computational neuroscience, mathematical algorithms, image processing, and applications to neuroscience. The mammalian brain is a huge and complex network that consists of billions of neural and glial cells. Decoding how information is represented and processed by this neural network requires the ability to monitor the dynamics of large numbers of neurons at high temporal and spatial resolution over a large part of the brain. Functional brain optical imaging has seen more than thirty years of intensive development. Current light-using methods provide good sensitivity to functional changes through intrinsic contrast and are rapidly exploiting the growing availability of exogenous fluorescence probes. In addition, various types of functional brain optical imaging are now being used to reveal the brain's microanatomy and physiology.

This book provides a thorough overview of the Wisdom Web of Things (W2T), a holistic framework for computing and intelligence in an emerging hyper-world with a social-cyber-physical space. Fast-evolving Web intelligence research and development initiatives are now moving toward understanding the multifaceted nature of intelligence and incorporating it at the Web scale in a ubiquitous environment with data, connection and service explosion. The book focuses on the framework and methodology of W2T, as well as its applications in different problem domains, such as intelligent businesses, urban computing, social computing, brain informatics and healthcare. From the researcher and developer perspectives, the book takes a systematic, structured view of various W2T facets and their overall contribution to the development of W2T as a whole. Written by leading international researchers, this book is an essential reference for researchers, educators, professionals, and tertiary HDR students working on the World Wide Web, ubiquitous computing, knowledge management, and business intelligence.

Web Intelligence is a new direction for scientific research and development that explores the fundamental roles as well as practical impacts of artificial intelligence and advanced information technology for the next generation of Web-empowered systems, services, and environments. Web Intelligence is regarded as the key research field for the development of the Wisdom Web (including the Semantic Web). As the first book devoted to Web Intelligence, this coherently written multi-author monograph provides a thorough introduction and a systematic overview of this new field. It presents both the current state of research and development as well as application aspects. The book will be a valuable and lasting source of reference for researchers and developers interested in Web Intelligence. Students and developers will additionally appreciate the numerous illustrations and examples.

Intelligent Information Technology (iiT) encompasses the theories and ap plications of artificial intelligence, statistical pattern recognition, learning theory, data warehousing, data mining and knowledge discovery, Grid com puting, and autonomous agents and multi-agent systems in the context of today's as well as future IT, such as Electronic Commerce (EC), Business Intelligence (BI), Social Intelligence (SI), Web Intelligence (WI), Knowledge Grid (KG), and Knowledge Community (KC), among others. The multi-author monograph presents the current state of the research and development in intelligent technologies for information analysis, in par ticular, advances in agents, data mining, and learning theory, from both the oretical and application aspects. It investigates the future of information technology (IT) from a new intelligent IT (iiT) perspective, and highlights major iiT-related topics by structuring an introductory chapter and 22 sur vey/research chapters into 5 parts: (1) emerging data mining technology, (2) data mining for Web intelligence, (3) emerging agent technology, ( 4) emerging soft computing technology, and (5) statistical learning theory. Each chapter includes the original work of the author(s) as well as a comprehensive survey related to the chapter's topic. This book will become a valuable source of reference for R&D profession als active in advanced intelligent information technologies. Students as well as IT professionals and ambitious practitioners concerned with advanced in telligent information technologies will appreciate the book as a useful text enhanced by numerous illustrations and examples."

This book collects selected papers by authors for CODATA 2006, which are relevant to the acquisition of knowledge and the assessment of risk and opportunity that comes from combining data from a number of different disciplines.

This edited volume analyzes land utilization data from farm surveys taken in China between 1929 and 1933. This data, which was the foundation for John Lossing Buck's seminal work Land Utilization in China (1937), was thought lost to history until rediscovered in 2000. The book presents the first modern analyses of agricultural economics in Republican China using Buck's micro-data, covering important topics such as nutritional poverty, tenancy issues, land productivity, surplus labor, workers' incomes, credit supply, and regional differences. Through using modern analytical methods, this book presents a more accurate picture of the agricultural economy in the Republican Era and will be of particular interest to agricultural economists, economic historians, and Chinese studies scholars.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Brain Informatics, BI 2022, held as hybrid event in Padua, Italy (in person) and Queensland, Australia (online) in July 2022. The 29 papers were selected from 65 submissions and the main theme of BI 2022 is Brain Science meets Artificial Intelligence with respect to the five tracks: Cognitive and computational foundations of brain science; human information processing systems; brain big data analytics, curation and management; informatics paradigms for brain and mental health research; and brain-machine intelligence and brain inspired computing.

This book provides an essential overview of the broad range of functional brain imaging techniques, as well as neuroscientific methods suitable for various scientific tasks in fundamental and clinical neuroscience. It also shares information on novel methods in computational neuroscience, mathematical algorithms, image processing, and applications to neuroscience. The mammalian brain is a huge and complex network that consists of billions of neural and glial cells. Decoding how information is represented and processed by this neural network requires the ability to monitor the dynamics of large numbers of neurons at high temporal and spatial resolution over a large part of the brain. Functional brain optical imaging has seen more than thirty years of intensive development. Current light-using methods provide good sensitivity to functional changes through intrinsic contrast and are rapidly exploiting the growing availability of exogenous fluorescence probes. In addition, various types of functional brain optical imaging are now being used to reveal the brain's microanatomy and physiology.

This book provides a thorough overview of the Wisdom Web of Things (W2T), a holistic framework for computing and intelligence in an emerging hyper-world with a social-cyber-physical space. Fast-evolving Web intelligence research and development initiatives are now moving toward understanding the multifaceted nature of intelligence and incorporating it at the Web scale in a ubiquitous environment with data, connection and service explosion. The book focuses on the framework and methodology of W2T, as well as its applications in different problem domains, such as intelligent businesses, urban computing, social computing, brain informatics and healthcare. From the researcher and developer perspectives, the book takes a systematic, structured view of various W2T facets and their overall contribution to the development of W2T as a whole. Written by leading international researchers, this book is an essential reference for researchers, educators, professionals, and tertiary HDR students working on the World Wide Web, ubiquitous computing, knowledge management, and business intelligence.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Brain and Health Informatics, BHI 2013, held in Maebashi, Japan, in October 2013. The 33 revised full papers presented together with 8 workshop papers and 12 special session papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on thinking and perception-centric Investigations of human Information processing system; information technologies for curating, mining, managing and using big brain/health data; information technologies for healthcare; data analytics, data mining, and machine learning; and applications. The topics of the workshop papers are: mental health with ICT; and granular knowledge discovery in biomedical and active-media environments; and the topics of the special sessions are: human centered computing; neuro-robotics; and intelligent healthcare data analytics.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Active Media Technology, AMT 2013, held in Maebashi, Japan, in October 2013. The 26 revised full papers presented together with 2 short papers, 16 workshop papers, and 12 special session papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on active computer systems, interactive systems, and application of AMT based systems; active media machine learning and data mining techniques; AMT for semantic web, social networks, and cognitive foundations. Additionally, the main topic of the workshop papers is: intelligence for strategic foresight; and for the special session papers: technologies and theories of narrative; evolutionary computation and its application; and intelligent media search techniques.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Active Media Technology, AMT 2011, held in Lanzhou, China, in September 2011. The 30 revised full papers and 6 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. They are grouped in topcial sections on data mining and pattern analysis in active media; active human-Web interaction and social media; active Web intelligence applications; active multi-agent and network systems; as well as technology intelligence.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Brain Informatics, BI 2011, held in Lanzhou, China, in September 2011. The 27 revised full papers and 6 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. They are grouped in topcial sections on thinking and perception-centric investigations of human information processing systems; information technologies for the management, analysis and use of brain data; cognition-inspired applications. Furthermore, there is a section with 8 papers from the workshop on meta-synthesis and complex systems.

Intelligent Information Technology (iiT) encompasses the theories and ap plications of artificial intelligence, statistical pattern recognition, learning theory, data warehousing, data mining and knowledge discovery, Grid com puting, and autonomous agents and multi-agent systems in the context of today's as well as future IT, such as Electronic Commerce (EC), Business Intelligence (BI), Social Intelligence (SI), Web Intelligence (WI), Knowledge Grid (KG), and Knowledge Community (KC), among others. The multi-author monograph presents the current state of the research and development in intelligent technologies for information analysis, in par ticular, advances in agents, data mining, and learning theory, from both the oretical and application aspects. It investigates the future of information technology (IT) from a new intelligent IT (iiT) perspective, and highlights major iiT-related topics by structuring an introductory chapter and 22 sur vey/research chapters into 5 parts: (1) emerging data mining technology, (2) data mining for Web intelligence, (3) emerging agent technology, ( 4) emerging soft computing technology, and (5) statistical learning theory. Each chapter includes the original work of the author(s) as well as a comprehensive survey related to the chapter's topic. This book will become a valuable source of reference for R&D profession als active in advanced intelligent information technologies. Students as well as IT professionals and ambitious practitioners concerned with advanced in telligent information technologies will appreciate the book as a useful text enhanced by numerous illustrations and examples."

This book collects selected papers by authors for CODATA 2006, which are relevant to the acquisition of knowledge and the assessment of risk and opportunity that comes from combining data from a number of different disciplines.

This excellently written monograph provides - for the first time ever - a thorough introduction and systematic overview of all aspects of intelligent data processing on the Web. It presents both the current state of research as well as application aspects. All major topics related to Web Intelligence which can have impact on future directions and developments are presented in detail. This book will be a valuable source of reference for years to all research and development professionals interested in Web Intelligence. Students will also appreciate the numerous illustrations and examples.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the First WICI International Workshop on Web Intelligence meets Brain Informatics, WImBI 2006, which was held in Beijing, China, in December 2006. The WICI (International WIC Institute) is an international, open-educational research organization of the Web Intelligence Consortium (WIC). The institute is affiliated with Beijing University of Technology (BJUT).

The 26 revised full-length papers presented together with 3 introductory lectures are all invited post-workshop contributions that have been carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this state-of-the-art survey. The workshop explores a new perspective of Web Intelligence (WI) research from the viewpoint of Brain Informatics (BI) - a new interdisciplinary field to systematically study human information processing mechanisms from both macro and micro points of view by cooperatively using experimental cognitive neuroscience and advanced WI-centric information technology.

The workshop was the first in the field to focus on the interplay between intelligent technologies, especially in the context of Web Intelligence, and studies on human intelligence as explored in neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and brain science instrumentation. After the propaedeutic contributions to the new emerging field the papers are organized in topical sections on the synergy of Web Intelligence and Brain Informatics; cognitive science, neuroscience, and brain informatics; and Web Intelligence applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th German Conference on Multiagent Systems Technologies, MATES 2006, co-located with Net.ObjectDays (NoDe 2006). The 15 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 52 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on agent communication and interaction, applications and simulation, agent planning, agent-oriented software engineering, as well as trust and security.

This volume contains the papers selected for presentation at the 14th International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, ISMIS 2003, held in Maebashi City, Japan, 28-31 October, 2003. The symposium was organized by the Maebashi Institute of Technology in co-operation with the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence. It was sponsored by the Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi Convention Bureau, Maebashi City Government, Gunma Prefecture Government, US AFOSR/AOARD, the Web Intelligence Consortium (Japan), Gunma Information Service Industry Association, and Ryomo Systems Co., Ltd. ISMIS is a conference series that was started in 1986 in Knoxville, Tennessee. Since then it has been held in Charlotte (North Carolina), Knoxville (Tennessee), Turin (Italy), Trondheim (Norway), Warsaw (Poland), Zakopane (Poland), and Lyon (France). The program committee selected the following major areas for ISMIS 2003: active media human-computer interaction, autonomic and evolutionary computation, intelligent agent technology, intelligent information retrieval, intelligent information systems, knowledge representation and integration, knowledge discovery and data mining, logic for artificial intelligence, soft computing, and Web intelligence.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing, RSCTC 2002, held in Malvern, PA, USA in October 2002. The 76 revised regular papers and short communications presented together with 2 keynotes and 5 plenary papers were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 100 submissions. The book offers topical sections on foundation and methods; granular and neural computing; probabilistic reasoning; data mining, machine learning and pattern recognition; Web mining; and applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Conference on Web Intelligence, WI 2001, held in Maebashi City, Japan, in October 2001.The 28 revised full papers and 45 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 153 full-length paper submissions. Also included are an introductory survey and six invited presentations. The book offers topical sections on Web information systems environments and foundations, Web human-media engineering, Web information management, Web information retrieval, Web agents, Web mining and farming, and Web-based applications.

This volume contains the papers selected for presentation at the Seventh Int- national Workshop on Rough Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Data Mining, and Granular-Soft Computing (RSFDGrC 99) held in the Yamaguchi Resort Center, Ube, Y- aguchi, Japan, November 9-11, 1999. The workshop was organized by Inter- tional Rough Set Society, BISC Special Interest Group on Granular Comp- ing (GrC), Polish-JapaneseInstitute of Information Technology, and Yamaguchi University. RSFDGrC 99providedaninternationalforumforsharingoriginalresearch results and practical development experiences among experts in these emerging ?elds.An importantfeatureoftheworkshopwasto stresstheroleofthe integ- tion of intelligent information techniques. That is, to promote a deep fusion of these approaches to AI, Soft Computing, and Database communities in order to solve real world, large, complex problems concerned with uncertainty and fuz- ness. In particular, rough and fuzzy set methods in data mining and granular computing were on display. The total of 89 papers coming from 21 countries and touching a wide spectrum of topics related to both theory and applications were submitted to RSFDGrC 99. Out of them 45 papers were selected for regular presentations and 15 for short presentations. Seven technical sessions were organized, namely: Rough Set Theory and Its Applications; Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications; Non-Classical Logic and Approximate Reasoning; Information Granulation and Granular Computing; Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery; Machine Lea- ing; Intelligent Agents and Systems. TheRSFDGrC 99programwasenrichedbyfourinvitedspeakers: Zdzis law Pawlak, Lot? A. Zadeh, Philip Yu, and Setsuo Arikawa, from Soft Computing, Database, and AI communities. A special session on Rough Computing: Fo- dations and Applications was organized by James F. Peters."

This volume contains the papers selected for presentation at the Third Paci?c- Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD-99)held in the Xiangshan Hotel, Beijing, China, April 26-28, 1999. The conference was sp- sored by Tsinghua University, National Science Foundation of China, Chinese Computer Federation, Toshiba Corporation, and NEC Software Chugoku, Ltd. PAKDD-99 provided an international forum for the sharing of original research results and practical development experiences among researchers and application developers from di?erent KDD-related areas such as machine lea- ing, databases, statistics, knowledge acquisition, data visualization, knowled- based systems, soft computing, and high performance computing. It followed the success of PAKDD-97 held in Singapore in 1997 and PAKDD-98 held in A- tralia in 1998 by bringing together participants from universities, industry, and government. PAKDD-99 encouraged both new theory/methodologies and real world - plications, and covered broad and diverse topics in data mining and knowledge discovery. The technical sessions included: Association Rules Mining; Feature Selection and Generation; Mining in Semi, Un-structured Data; Interestingness, Surprisingness, and Exceptions; Rough Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Neural Networks; Induction, Classi?cation, and Clustering; Causal Model and Graph-Based Me- ods; Visualization; Agent-Based, and Distributed Data Mining; Advanced Topics and New Methodologies. Of the 158 submissions, we accepted 29 regular papers and 37 short papers for presentation at the conference and for publication in this volume. In addition, over 20 papers were accepted for poster presentation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Brain Informatics, BI 2021, held in September 2021. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 49 full and 2 short papers together with 18 abstract papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 90 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: cognitive and computational foundations of brain science; investigations of human information processing systems; brain big data analytics, curation and management; informatics paradigms for brain and mental health research; and brain-machine intelligence and brain-inspired computing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Applied Intelligence and Informatics, AII 2021, held in Nottingham, UK, in July 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held in a fully virtual mode. The 26 full papers and 4 short papers presented were thoroughly reviewed and selected from the total 107 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: application of AI and informatics in disease detection; application of AI and informatics in healthcare; application of AI and informatics in pattern recognition; application of AI and informatics in network, security, and analytics; emerging applications of AI and informatics.