Currently, there are numerous location technologies that are used to determine the position of mobile devices in a space or grid, based on some mathematical models, where positioning means allowing a mobile device to be aware of its location with different degree of precision and accuracy. Unfortunately positioning systems have failed to grow in terms of usage by a common man as they haven't been ubiquitous. The local positioning systems fail to work outdoors, whereas the conventional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) based positioning systems do not work inside buildings due to the absence of line of sight to satellites. So there is a need for positioning systems that can work both indoors and outdoors, hence giving birth to the concept of Hybrid Positioning Systems (HyPos). In this book eight different HyPos are reviewed, which integrate technologies like RFID, CDMA, TV signal, Cell, Wi-Fi, and pseudolites for positioning. The systems are reviewed on the basis on availability, accuracy, and cost of development.

The book introduces a variety of latest techniques designed to represent, enhance, and empower multi-disciplinary approaches of geographic information system (GIS), artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), machine learning, and cloud computing research in healthcare. It provides a unique compendium of the current and emerging use of geospatial data for healthcare and reflects the diversity, complexity, and depth and breadth of this multi-disciplinary area. This book addresses various aspects of how smart healthcare devices can be used to detect and analyze diseases. Further, it describes various tools and techniques to evaluate the efficacy, suitability, and efficiency of geospatial data for health-related applications. It features illustrative case studies, including future applications and healthcare challenges. This book is beneficial for computer science and engineering students and researchers, medical professionals, and anyone interested in using geospatial data in healthcare. It is also intended for experts, offering them a valuable retrospective and a global vision for the future, as well as for non-experts who are curious to learn about this important subject. The book presents an effort to draw how we can build health-related applications using geospatial big data and their subsequent analysis.