This book makes available in English important essays delivered at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome to mark the fortieth anniversary of the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions (Nostra Aetate). Surveying official Vatican dialogues and documents over the preceding decades, the essays also explore challenging theological questions posed by the Shoah and the subsequent Catholic recognition of the permanence of the Jewish people's covenantal life with God. Featuring articles by Vatican officials, leading rabbis, diplomats, and Catholic and Jewish scholars, the book discusses the nature of Christian-Jewish relations and the need to remember its conflicted and often tragic history, aspects of a Christian theology of Judaism, the Catholic-Jewish dialogue since the Shoah, and the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel. The book includes an essay by Cardinal Walter Kasper, president of the Pontifical Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, and appendices documenting the official rapprochement between the Church and the Jewish People in recent decades.