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This volume is a direct result of the International Symposium on
Japanese Sentence Processing held at Duke University. The symposium
provided the first opportunity for researchers in three
disciplinary areas from both Japan and the United States to
participate in a conference where they could discuss issues
concerning Japanese syntactic processing. The goals of the
symposium were three-fold:
* to illuminate the mechanisms of Japanese sentence processing
from the viewpoints of linguistics, psycholinguistics and computer
science;
* to synthesize findings about the mechanisms of Japanese sentence
processing by researchers in these three fields in Japan and the
United States;
* to lay foundations for future interdisciplinary research in
Japanese sentence processing, as well as international
collaborations between researchers in Japan and the United States.
The chapters in this volume have been written from the points of
view of three different disciplines, with various immediate
objectives -- from building usable speech understanding systems to
investigating the nature of competence grammars for natural
languages. All of the papers share the long term goal of
understanding the nature of human language processing mechanisms.
The book is concerned with two central issues -- the universality
of language processing mechanisms, and the nature of the relation
between the components of linguistic knowledge and language
processing. This volume demonstrates that interdisciplinary
research can be fruitful, and provides groundwork for further
research in Japanese sentence processing.
This volume is a direct result of the International Symposium on
Japanese Sentence Processing held at Duke University. The symposium
provided the first opportunity for researchers in three
disciplinary areas from both Japan and the United States to
participate in a conference where they could discuss issues
concerning Japanese syntactic processing. The goals of the
symposium were three-fold: * to illuminate the mechanisms of
Japanese sentence processing from the viewpoints of linguistics,
psycholinguistics and computer science; * to synthesize findings
about the mechanisms of Japanese sentence processing by researchers
in these three fields in Japan and the United States; * to lay
foundations for future interdisciplinary research in Japanese
sentence processing, as well as international collaborations
between researchers in Japan and the United States. The chapters in
this volume have been written from the points of view of three
different disciplines, with various immediate objectives -- from
building usable speech understanding systems to investigating the
nature of competence grammars for natural languages. All of the
papers share the long term goal of understanding the nature of
human language processing mechanisms. The book is concerned with
two central issues -- the universality of language processing
mechanisms, and the nature of the relation between the components
of linguistic knowledge and language processing. This volume
demonstrates that interdisciplinary research can be fruitful, and
provides groundwork for further research in Japanese sentence
processing.
This book is a practical guide to the Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)
(Council of Europe 2001) and the CEFR Companion Volume (CEFR/ CV;
COE 2018), which have increasingly been used to inform the language
policies and teaching practices of countries within and outside of
Europe. It helps practitioners to (i) grasp essential and core
concepts of the Common European Framework of Reference, (ii)
identify parts of the CEFR and the CEFR/CV as well as other
CEFR-related resources and documents that are relevant for readers'
different purposes, and (iii) utilise and adapt these resources for
their own needs. Written by practitioners for practitioners, this
hands-on guide covers the philosophy of the CEFR, curricula,
assessment, learner autonomy, the task-based approach, and teacher
development. Logically explaining all aspects of the framework and
its application, this manual helps readers deal with many of the
difficulties encountered when using CEFR and the CEFR CV. The book
will appeal to a wide audience, including teacher educators;
curriculum and materials developers; examination boards unfamiliar
with the CEFR; university language departments and language centres
responsible for developing their own curricula, teaching/learning
approaches and assessment instruments; and policy-makers wanting to
learn more about the implications of adopting the CEFR. It is a
guidebook, a reference book and a workbook all in your hand.
This edited volume deals with some of the salient issues to be
considered when using the Common European Framework of Reference
for Languages (CEFR). There has been little critical and
constructive assessment of CEFR-informed pedagogical practices in
Japan and beyond. Instead, policy issues have been dominant. The
volume focuses on the implementation of the CEFR in language
education institutions, and stresses that the CEFR and its 'Can Do'
statements must be adapted and changed to suit the specific context
they serve. This work is complementary to English Profile Studies
volume 4 (North 2014), which provides examples of the
implementation of the CEFR, with a focus on misconceptions of the
CEFR and how these could be addressed, by offering in-depth case
studies. For a full description of processes it is necessary to
unfold the complexity of language policy and then gain focus by
concentrating mainly on the institutional levels.
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