Leading scholars in the field offer new ways of looking at Wittgenstein's papers as well as clear, comprehensive and original philosophical interpretations of them. The volume includes two texts by Wittgenstein previously unpublished in English.

Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is arguably one of the most influential books of the 20th century. It threw a new light on the workings of language and mind, contributing significantly to the understanding of human knowledge. Featuring essays by internationally renowned scholars, this book explores the development of Wittgenstein's ideas in the direction of the Investigations. It offers a comprehensive view of some of the most disputable issues in the study of Wittgenstein's masterpiece and reassesses its relevance within contemporary philosophical debate. Contributors: Alberto Arruda (New University of Lisbon), Joao Vergilio Gallerani Cuter (University of S. Paulo), P. M. S. Hacker (University of Oxford), Nathan Hauthaler (University of London), Emiliano La Licata (University of Palermo), Constantine Sandis (Oxford Brookes University), Nikolay Milkov (University of Paderborn), Maria Filomena Molder (New University of Lisbon), Jesus Padilla Galvez (University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo) and Rui Sampaio da Silva (University of the Azores).

Sixty years after its first edition, there is an increasing consensus among scholars that the work posthumously published as Philosophical Investigations represents something that is far from a complete picture of Wittgenstein's second book project. G.H. von Wright's seminal research on the Nachlass was an important contribution in this direction, showing that the Wittgenstein papers can reveal much more than the source of specific remarks. This book specifically explores Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations from the different angles of its originary conceptions, including the mathematical texts, shedding new light on fundamental issues in twentieth century and contemporary philosophy. Leading authorities in the field focus on newly published or hitherto unpublished sources for the interpretation of Wittgenstein's later work and a Wittgenstein typescript, translated for the first time into English, is included as an appendix.

Sixty years after its first edition, there is an increasing consensus among scholars that the work posthumously published as Philosophical Investigations represents something that is far from a complete picture of Wittgenstein's second book project. G.H. von Wright's seminal research on the Nachlass was an important contribution in this direction, showing that the Wittgenstein papers can reveal much more than the source of specific remarks. This book specifically explores Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations from the different angles of its originary conceptions, including the mathematical texts, shedding new light on fundamental issues in twentieth century and contemporary philosophy. Leading authorities in the field focus on newly published or hitherto unpublished sources for the interpretation of Wittgenstein's later work and a Wittgenstein typescript, translated for the first time into English, is included as an appendix.

This book approaches classic epistemological problems from a contextualist perspective. The author takes as his point of departure the fact that we are situated beings, more specifically that every single moment in our lives is already given within the framework of a specific context in the midst of which we understand ourselves and what surrounds us. In the process of his investigation, the author explores, in a fresh way, the works of key thinkers in epistemology. These include Bernard Bolzano, Rene Descartes, Gottlob Frege, Edmund Husserl, Immanuel Kant and Ludwig Wittgenstein, but also contemporary authors such as Stewart Cohen, Keith DeRose, David Lewis, Duncan Pritchard, Ernest Sosa and Charles Travis. Some of the topics covered are attributions of knowledge, the correspondence theory of truth, objectivity and subjectivity, possible worlds, primary and secondary evidence, scepticism, transcendentalism and relativism. The book also introduces a new contextualist thought-experiment for dealing with moral questions. Contextualism has received a great deal of attention in contemporary epistemology. It has the potential to resolve a number of issues that traditional epistemological approaches cannot address. In particular, a contextualist view opens the way to an understanding of those cognitive processes that require situational information to be fully grasped. However, contextualism poses serious difficulties in regard to epistemic invariance. This book offers readers an innovative approach to some fundamental questions in this field.

Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is arguably one of the most influential books of the 20th century. It threw a new light on the workings of language and mind, contributing significantly to the understanding of human knowledge. Featuring essays by internationally renowned scholars, this book explores the development of Wittgenstein's ideas in the direction of the Investigations. It offers a comprehensive view of some of the most disputable issues in the study of Wittgenstein's masterpiece and reassesses its relevance within contemporary philosophical debate. Contributors: Alberto Arruda (New University of Lisbon), Joao Vergilio Gallerani Cuter (University of S. Paulo), P. M. S. Hacker (University of Oxford), Nathan Hauthaler (University of London), Emiliano La Licata (University of Palermo), Constantine Sandis (Oxford Brookes University), Nikolay Milkov (University of Paderborn), Maria Filomena Molder (New University of Lisbon), Jesus Padilla Galvez (University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo) and Rui Sampaio da Silva (University of the Azores).