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Following the stranding of a Soviet Whiskey-class submarine in 1981
on the Swedish archipelago, a series of massive submarine
intrusions took place within Swedish waters.
However, the evidence for these appears to have been manipulated or
simply invented. Classified documents and interviews point to
covert Western, rather than Soviet activity. This is backed up by
former US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who stated that
Western 'testing' operations were carried out regularly in Swedish
waters. Royal Navy submarine captains have also admitted to
top-secret operations.
Ola Tunander's revelations make it clear that the United States and
Britain ran a 'secret war' in Swedish waters. The number of Swedes
perceiving the Soviet Union as a direct threat increased from 5-10
per cent in 1980 to 45 per cent in 1983. This Anglo-American
'secret war' was aimed at exerting political influence over Sweden.
It was a risky enterprise, but perhaps the most successful covert
operation of the entire Cold War.
Following the stranding of a Soviet Whiskey-class submarine in 1981
on the Swedish archipelago, a series of massive submarine
intrusions took place within Swedish waters.
However, the evidence for these appears to have been manipulated or
simply invented. Classified documents and interviews point to
covert Western, rather than Soviet activity. This is backed up by
former US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who stated that
Western 'testing' operations were carried out regularly in Swedish
waters. Royal Navy submarine captains have also admitted to
top-secret operations.
Ola Tunander's revelations make it clear that the United States and
Britain ran a 'secret war' in Swedish waters. The number of Swedes
perceiving the Soviet Union as a direct threat increased from 5-10
per cent in 1980 to 45 per cent in 1983. This Anglo-American
'secret war' was aimed at exerting political influence over Sweden.
It was a risky enterprise, but perhaps the most successful covert
operation of the entire Cold War.
The Barents Region in the Scandinavian and Russian Arctic is
emerging as one of the most dynamic and versatile East-West
initiatives in Europe. Its unique, two-pillared institutional
structure ensures that the state as well as local authorities are
drawn into deliberations, as are representatives from the European
Commission and the regional Saami organization. The region is
immensely rich in minerals, petroleum and fishery resources of
interest for Europe as a whole. It is the apex of the Cold War
structures: with over 200 naval nuclear reactors and with more
strategic nuclear weapons than anywhere else in the world, its
importance extends far beyond the confines of Arctic Europe. To
Russia, the Barents Region has become a link to Northern Europe and
potentially to the European Union, it may become an instrument to
stabilise its eastern borders in a militarily sensitive area. The
Barents Region surveys regional cooperation in Arctic Europe. With
contributions from leading Scandinavian and Russian scholars on
Northern affairs, this volume examines the Barents Region as a
political initiative, its historical and institutional architecture
and its contributions to economic and environmental management in
the North. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the
Barents Region on security in Arctic Europe and its relationship to
the wider process of European integration.
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