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Global health is at a crossroads. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development has come with ambitious targets for health and health
services worldwide. To reach these targets, many more billions of
dollars need to be spent on health. However, development assistance
for health has plateaued and domestic funding on health in most
countries is growing at rates too low to close the financing gap.
National and international decision-makers face tough choices about
how scarce health care resources should be spent. Should additional
funds be spent on primary prevention of stroke, treating childhood
cancer, or expanding treatment for HIV/AIDS? Should health coverage
decisions take into account the effects of illness on productivity,
household finances, and children's educational attainment, or just
focus on health outcomes? Does age matter for priority setting or
should it be ignored? Are health gains far in the future less
important than gains in the present? Should higher priority be
given to people who are sicker or poorer? Global Health
Priority-Setting provides a framework for how to think about
evidence-based priority-setting in health. Over 18 chapters,
ethicists, philosophers, economists, policy-makers, and clinicians
from around the world assess the state of current practice in
national and global priority setting, describe new tools and
methodologies to address establishing global health priorities, and
tackle the most important ethical questions that decision-makers
must consider in allocating health resources.
Prioritarianism is an ethical theory that gives extra weight to the
well-being of the worse off. In contrast, dominant
policy-evaluation methodologies, such as benefit-cost analysis,
cost-effectiveness analysis, and utilitarianism, ignore or downplay
issues of fair distribution. Based on a research group founded by
the editors, this important book is the first to show how
prioritarianism can be used to assess governmental policies and
evaluate societal conditions. This book uses prioritarianism as a
methodology to evaluate governmental policy across a variety of
policy domains: taxation, health policy, risk regulation,
education, climate policy, and the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also
the first to demonstrate how prioritarianism improves on GDP as an
indicator of a society's progress over time. Edited by two senior
figures in the field with contributions from some of the world's
leading economists, this volume bridges the gap from the theory of
prioritarianism to its practical application.
Of every thousand children born in Iceland, two will die before
their first birthday, but in Mozambique the death rate is sixty
times higher. Even within countries - including some of the
wealthiest - inequalities in longevity and health can be
substantial. In recent years, epidemiologists have documented the
extent of these inequalities both between and within countries,
stimulating in turn research both on their sources and on possible
means for their alleviation. These extensive and influential
efforts in research and in policy development have raised health
inequalities to a prominent position among the central concerns of
both national and global health.
Less attention has been given to careful analysis and refinement of
some key concepts and values that guide and motivate these studies
of health inequalities. The essays in this book demonstrate the
need to identify and debate alternative positions on the choice of
measures of health inequality; the definitions of 'inequality' and
'inequity' in health, and their interrelationship; the ethical
basis for attaching priority to narrowing gaps in longevity and
health among individuals, groups, and societies; and the possible
solutions to a series of puzzles involving uncertainty and variable
population size.
The authors of these essays are philosophers, economists,
epidemiologists, and physicians contributing to our understanding
of ethical issues in population health. Their contributions will be
of interest to anyone interested in inequalities in health,
including specialists in health policy, public health,
epidemiology, moral philosophy, demography, and health economics.
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