This new book considers state-of-the-art developments and research in polymer science, such as advanced polymers, composites and nanocomposites, and the role of polymers in the progress of green chemistry and medicine. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book is divided into sections that discuss Polymer Synthesis and Application, Materials and Properties, Composites and Nanostructures, Sustainable and Green Chemistry, and Constitutional Systems for Medicine. Polymers are studied in fields as diverse as polymer science (polymer chemistry and polymer physics), biophysics, biochemistry, and more generally in materials science and engineering. Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) and nanocomposites (PMNCs) are widely used in high-tech material structures such as in the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries. Their impact on the physical and mechanical performance is mainly due to their reinforcing agents, fibers (glass, carbon, aramid) or nanofibers (MMT, CNTs, graphene, etc.) but also to a perfect mastery of the matrix/reinforcement interface. The book will be valuable for academics, scientists, engineers, and medical technologists of institutes, research centers, and universities who are involved in the field of macromolecular chemistry and polymeric materials.