Facial nerve surgery inevitably leads to partial pareses, abnormally associated movements and pathologically altered reflexes. The reason for this "post-paralytic syndrome" is the misdirected reinnervation of targets, which consists of two major components. First, due to malfunctioning axonal guidance, a muscle gets reinnervated by a "foreign" axon, that has been misrouted along a "wrong" fascicle. Second, the supernumerary collateral branches emerging from all transected axons simultaneously innervate antagonistic muscles and cause severe impairment of their coordinated activity. Since it is hardly possible to influence the first major component and improve the guidance of several thousands axons, the authors concentrated on the second major component and tried to reduce the collateral axonal branching.

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89 XI 1 Introduction 1.1 Antigen Presentation and Antigen Presenting Cells A key issue in the pathogenesis of any chronic degenerative (auto )immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) is how pathologically altered autologous neuronal proteins can trigger a reaction of the immune system. The specific and greatly multi plied immune response is decisive for the outcome of the disease. Current knowledge shows that the immune system gets involved and potentiates a progressive neuronal degeneration in two ways, which are not mutually exclusive. First, provided the immunogenic autologous protein occurs in the interstitial fluid of CNS in amounts which cannot be phagocytized and cleared by the leptomeningeal macrophages, it reaches the cervical lymph nodes passively along the perivascular spaces, the cerebrospinal fluid compartment above the cribriform plate, and the lymphatics of the nasal mucosa (Cserr and Ostrach 1974; Weller et al. 1992; Zhang et al. 1992; Kida et al. 1993). The immunological significance of this "late" pathway typical for advanced neurodegeneration has been confirmed by Harling-Berg et al. (1989), who showed that the cervical lymph nodes are the main site of antibody production against foreign protein injected into the central gray matter of the rat brain."

This authoritative and up-to-date reference is a complete guide to the basic science, diagnosis, testing, and treatment of facial nerve disorders and diseases. An international team of renowned experts, put together and headed by the book's two specialist editors, provide in-depth discussion of facial nerve topography and physiology, as well as the broad spectrum of infectious, inflammatory, acute, chronic, benign, and malignant diseases related to facial nerve dysfunction. The book is filled with practical evidence-based information, guidelines, and algorithms presented in uniformly structured chapters, allowing readers to quickly pinpoint key details for treating a specific disease or disorder. Special Features: Pertinent topics including facial nerve trauma, Lyme disease, postoperative facial nerve palsy, face transplant, adjuvant treatment with botulinum toxin and fillers, facial dystonia and facial spasms, and the psychological and medicolegal aspects of facial nerve care are covered Step-by-step descriptions provided for facial nerve repair and reconstruction, static and dynamic reanimation techniques for adults and children, evaluation and treatment of paralytic eyelids, and more A wealth of clinically relevant information, including tips and tricks, and pitfalls to avoid in everyday practice More than 260 images and 16 videos (accessed through the Thieme MediaCenter) help visualizing and comprehending the content Extensive reference lists at the end of each chapter offer an overview of scientific work on the topic With current perspectives from leading experts, valuable clinical tools and advice, and coherently organized chapters, Facial Nerve Disorders and Diseases: Diagnosis and Management is a single-volume source for the state-of-the-art in facial nerve care. Specialists and residents in otorhinolaryngology, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, neurosurgery, neurology, and rehabilitation medicine will refer to the book time and again in their treatment of patients with facial nerve dysfunction.