The financial crisis and the ensued 'great recession' are primarily caused by the excessive liquidity that was created in the last thirty years or so of inequality that benefited greatly the financial sector, deregulation and financial liberalisation as well as financial innovation, which are based on the supposedly superior intellectual model of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. There were also contributory factors that accentuated the process, such as international financial imbalances, the monetary policy pursued at the time, and the role played by the credit rating agencies. The New Consensus Macroeconomics model that forms the backbone of the way the economy works and how monetary policy should be formulated in theory and practice is scrutinised. It is argued that the traditional approach of viewing housing as a capital good must be dropped and housing should be viewed as a speculative asset, akin to equities. This new theorising is necessary as in the traditional approach bubbles cannot exist. A chapter is devoted to the causes of the European Union (EU) debt crisis, the reasons why the crisis has dragged on, the remedial treatment applied so far, offering alternative viable solutions to the crisis and examining the channels through which the EU debt crisis might spread to the rest of the world. Finally, the book draws on the lessons for theory and policy from the recent experience and discusses in detail the new regulatory environment that policymakers attempt to put in place to avert another credit crisis.

This volume deals with both a new theoretical framework and the application of new economics in a number of issues that test the capability of new economics to tackle a number of economic problems. It offers detailed analysis and informed comment on the type of new economics in the aftermath of the financial crisis and the '"great recession."

Over the last thirty years or so the developments in the area of monetary and macroeconomic policies have been quite substantial. Within the new consensus macroeconomics (NCM), monetary policy is upgraded while fiscal policy is downgraded. This new monetary policy has been the main instrument of policy under the guise of inflation targeting, an approach pursued by a number of central banks worldwide. There are a number of problems relating to this new monetary and macroeconomic policy approach which are raised in this book.

There have been important advances in monetary economics and macroeconomics recently. In macroeconomics there has been the paramount development of the New Consensus Macroeconomics along with significant policy implications, thereby giving rise to the notion of New Monetary Policy. This book deals with the key aspects of these developments and further ones such as money, credit and the business cycle. Adding to the analysis are developments that focus on issues for open and spatial macroeconomics.

This book examines alternative economic policies for the European Union in the aftermath of the rejection of the European Constitution. The subject range includes macroeconomic policy and the European Constitution, EU financial integration, the reform of European regional policy, assessment and alternative proposals on European structural policies and labour market policies in the European Union.

This text offers detailed analysis and informed comment on the future of emerging economic policies. It is essential reading for all postgraduates and scholars looking for expert discussion and debate on the issues surrounding economic policy.

This book assesses the performance of the first Lula government (2002-06) from different perspectives, especially economics, and also politics, history and social policy. While the focus is on Brazil, it also refers to the experiences of similar countries both for comparative purposes and for evidence of the success or otherwise of this 'new' era for Brazil. The contributors include some of the most prominent economists in Brazil, making this book a valuable resource for both macroeconomists and specialists on Latin America.

This ninth volume of the International Papers in Political Economy (IPPE) series focuses on the theme of the need for and the development of new economic policies, especially so following the events that led to the 'great recession' of 2007 and subsequently. The volume deals with economic policies within the New Economics theoretical framework that was discussed in the eighth volume of IPPE. In doing so this volume concentrates on international issues that relate to economic policies and governance. This book offers detailed analysis and informed comment on the type of new international economic policies in the aftermath of the financial crisis and global recession. It is essential reading for all postgraduates and scholars looking for expert discussion and debate of the issues surrounding the case for new economic policies at the global level.

This topical volume analyzes the impact of the 2008 financial crisis. It considers the origins and explanations of the current crisis, examines the regulatory implications and, with specific focus on developing countries, it provides a strategy for economic growth that can guarantee financial stability in the future.

The 2008 financial crisis poses three fundamental questions for economists and policy makers; understanding the origins of the crisis, understanding the consequences of this crisis for the world economy, and finally understanding why the 2008 financial crisis is not as serious as the 1929 crisis. The prevailing view is that the 2008 financial crisis was solely the result of inadequate financial regulation together with a very loose monetary policy conducted by central banks, especially the Fed. It is believed that this crisis is a temporary detour in the normal course of the events, so that in the near future capitalist economies will resume the high growth path observed before the crisis. In terms of the third question, there is a widespread view that the fundamental reason that explains the avoidance of the harmful experiences of 1929 was the fiscal and monetary policy expansions in developed countries. No important role is assigned to developing countries in terms of the effects of the financial crisis. This book challenges the prevailing orthodoxy surrounding the origins and the consequences of the 2008 financial crisis. The book demonstrates that measures in addition to a profound change in the financial regulation are required if a new financial crisis is to be avoided in the future, measures include: a change in the conduct of economic policy; a reform of the national and international monetary systems; and a radical change in the pattern of income distribution. This book is essential reading for all interested in macroeconomics, monetary policy, development economics and the global impact of the financial crisis.

This book reviews the paradigm which has come to be known as post-Keynesian economics, concentrating on the main issues that form the heart of this paradigm: money and finance; conflict in wage and price settings; the degree of monopoly and pricing in an open economy; divergence rather than convergence in the European Union; financial and economic development; economic policy and methodological issues.

The International Papers in Political Economy (IPPE) series explores the latest developments in political economy. This eighth volume focuses on the financial crisis currently gripping the eurozone, examining the root causes and outcomes and the uncertain future of the euro. The volume provides an overview of the crisis and its possible solutions, with a sharp focus on debt sustainability. Individual countries are also analysed in great depth, with four more detailed studies of the economic climate in Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Greece, exploring the implications of the crisis for economic policies of these countries.

Containing expert contributions from a variety of scholars working in these areas of research, this book explores contemporary concerns in economic development and globalization as well as examining how the issues have changed since Ajit Singh first began working on these subjects.

The financial liberalization thesis emerged in the 1970s and has been of considerable importance ever since, not merely in terms of its theoretical influence but, perhaps more importantly, in terms of its impact on policy makers and policy debates. Although it has encountered increasing scepticism over the years, it nevertheless had a relatively early impact on development policy, which still continues unabated, through the work of the IMF and the World Bank. The latter two institutions, perhaps in their traditional role as promoters of what were claimed to be free market conditions, were keen to encourage financial liberalization policies as part of more general reforms or stabilization programmes. This book explores what we have learned from the vast experience of the theoretical and policy aspects of the financial liberalization.

The US is slowly recovering from the aftermath of the burst of the "new economy" bubble--which was one of the worst in monetary history. Philip Arestis and Elias Karakitsos examine the causes and consequences of the burst of the "new economy" bubble and investigate the impact on financial markets. The risks and long-term prospects for the economy and financial markets are also examined.

This book focuses on the construction of the economic policies of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and its institutions. It reviews the faltering economic performance of the EMU countries before and after the onset of the financial crisis. It exposes the shortcomings and design faults of the EMU project on fiscal and monetary policies under the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) and now the 'fiscal compact'. It critically examines the labour market agenda of the EMU and argues for avoidance of the neo-liberal employment policies being advocated. It proposes an alternative policy agenda for a sustainable currency union, and asks whether a currency union can be sustained without de facto political union.

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the problems that the current working of capital markets are generating on both developed and developing economies. It pays special attention to the reasons explaining the unstable and volatile working of international financial markets and to the consequences of that behaviour on both the economic performance of the involved countries and on the economic policies implemented.

Microeconomics, Macroeconomics and Economic Policy are at the core of research and study in economics. The essays in this volume have been specifically commissioned and brought together to celebrate the work of Malcolm Sawyer, who has made substantial contributions in these areas.

This volume examines current and previous environmental policies, and suggests alternative strategies for the future. Addressing resource depletion and climate change are pressing priorities for modern economies. Planning energy infrastructure projects is complicated by uncertainty, as such clear government policies have a crucial role to play.

With unprecedented trends towards globalization, the repercussions of economic crises are more profound than ever before, particularly for developing countries. What Global Economic Crises? bridges the gap between theory and policy-making by examining the destabilizing effects of financial crises on economic growth, stability, and development. It also presents innovative ideas intended to inform the design of institutions able to foster more effective international policy coordination.

The US is slowly recovering from the aftermath of the burst of the 'new economy' bubble - which was one of the worst in monetary history. In this updated edition, Philip Arestis and Elias Karakitsos examine the causes and consequences of the burst of the 'new economy' bubble and investigate the impact on financial markets.

Housing finance structures and Institutional and regulatory/fiscal aspects in housing have changed significantly in recent years. This book examines the development in housing markets in Europe and the US, and looks at ways to make housing more affordable and housing market developments more stable.

This book discusses the relationship between financial liberalization, financial deepening and economic performance from both a theoretical and a policy perspective, comparing several 'big' emerging countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa and India, amongst others.

The International Papers in Political Economy (IPPE) series explores the latest developments in political economy. This sixth volume focuses on the theme of the need for and the development of Keynesian economic policies for the 21st century. The volume deals with financial systems and economic development and asks whether we are all Keynesians now. Keynesian growth theory in the 21st century along with economic policies thought to emerge from the theoretical framework that underpins it -- always a Keynesian one but adapted to the realities of the 21st century -- are also examined. Essays in this volume also explore the nature and consequences of financialisation as perceived by Keynesians, the conceptualisation of money and the implications for economic policy of the current financial crisis, and the role of banks and the case for public banks.
This book offers detailed analysis and informed comment on the type of economic policies that are relevant for the 21st century in the aftermath of the financial crisis and global recession. It is essential reading for all postgraduates and scholars looking for expert discussion and debate of the issues surrounding economic policy issues.

This fifth volume in the International Papers in Political Economy (IPPE) series focuses on the theme of path dependency and macroeconomics in terms of both theory and applications. The volume examines how path dependency is linked with notions of fundamental uncertainty, non-ergodicity and hysteresis.