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by Peter Coffey This is indeed a most opportune time for the
publication of a serious, critical and independent study about the
"Main Economic Policy Areas of the EEC." The European Economic
Community is the world's most import ant commercial and trading
bloc and its economic policies consequently have the most
far-reaching implications for all countries in the world. The rest
of the world is acutely conscious of the Community's trading
policies. In turn, these policies (apart from those based on
historical links - ante cedent to the EEC's formation) are strongly
influenced by the internal economic policies of the Common Market -
especially by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). At the present
time, the Community finds itself, both in ternally and externally,
at a crossroads. This crossroads takes the form of a choice between
'protectionism' or 'open ness'. Unfortunately, present evidence
suggests that currently and in the immediately foreseeable future
the former option has been chosen by the EEC."
The European MJnetary System (EMS) is perhaps the only success
story of the Common Market since the First Enlargement. Its
success, particul arly where the conmercial use of the EO] is
concerned, has taken nost experts by surprise. So Irn. lch so, that
when the author tried to recamEIld to his students a suitable and
substantial w:: >rk of study and/or reference about the
experience of the EMS and its possible future evolution --- no book
could be found. Thus, the author set out to write the present w::
>rk. The author's aim is not to give a historical account of the
EMS. Rather, the intention is to place the experience in a rrajor
historical context wherein the System is seen an irrpJrtant
transitional phase on the road to the lementation of a full
economic and rronetary union (EMU). When examining the earlier
plans for an EMU which Si3 N the light of day between 1969 and 1970
(already so long ago: ) clear reasons emerge why the original six
founder Member States of the EEx::: should have found it logical to
embark upon the road to an EMU - "provided the political will to do
so existed." Thus, they had beCOIre highly integrated and were
conducting half their trade with each other. Then, there was the
desire to integrate still further ---- eventually leading (perhaps)
to a political union."
Main Economic Policy Areas of the EC: After 1992 is a completely
rewritten version of past editions. It examines successes and
problems associated with the EC's main economic policy areas and
makes proposals for the future. For the first time, a chapter on
the very important policy area of transport is included. This
volume is an indispensable course book and handbook for all
individuals interested in the European Community's main policy
areas at the beginning of the coming into effect of the Single
European Market.
NAFTA has been described by one expert as being a partial customs
union. It is, in any case, a special kind of free trade area
because it consists of two highly developed economies and one large
third world economy. In this book, the contributors examine the
specific interests of the three member countries, Canada, Mexico,
and the United States in the creation of NAFTA. They also assess
the influence of this trade area on their economics. Looking to the
future, doubts are expressed about the feasibility of using NAFTA
(a hope expressed by the USA) as a stepping stone in the creation
of a Free Trade Area of the Americas. Instead, the contributors see
the consolidation of MERCOSUR in Latin America and the creation of
a new Trans-Atlantic Market - as proposed by Sir Leon Brittan - as
more likely developments.
by Peter Coffey THE BACKGROUND Once again, Europe finds itselfata
majorcrossroads. In January, 1999, the Euro, the European currency,
was launched. This major undertaking does reaffinn the
EuropeanUnion'scommon international monetarypersonality whilst
further deepening the integration process in Western Europe. The
launch of the Euro has gone hand-in-hand with an intensification of
the negotiating process between the European Union (EU) and a
number of countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Cyprus which
are seeking membershipofthe EU. These countriesare divided into two
groups, i. e. the so-called "frontrunners" (Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia), and the "others"
(Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania). The accession
negotiations with the first group have pro- ceeded rather swiftly.
Now, the second group ofcountries wishes to move into the first
one. PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP
Basicallyspeaking,countries fulfilling the following criteria may
apply for membershipofthe EU: 1. they mustbe (geographically
speaking) Europeancountries, XIV Europe - Toward the Next
Enlargement 2. theymust have a multi-party parliamentary democracy,
3. they must have a market-type economy, and, 4. they must respect
human rights. These are obviously very basic criteria, thus at the
Copenhagen Summitof 1993, they were further refined with an eye to
the future enlargement - eastwards - of the EU. In some ways, this
listofcriteria obscures someofthe real basic problems which future
Member States face in the process of the negotiations for
membership. Basically, these countries must accept the three
fundamental treaties, i. e. , the Rome, Maastricht and
AmsterdamTreaties.
PETER COFFEY Since the appearance of the second edition of this
work - which was so quickly out of print - so much has happened in
Europe. In the EEC itself, 1989 was a watershed year concerning the
Community's moves towards the creation of the Single European
Market (SEM) by the end of 1992. Early in the year, the appear ance
of the De10rs Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European
Community, was followed by an agreement, at the European Summit, in
June, to begin the first stage of this union in the Summer of 1990.
As a counterpart to this and other agree ments, seen by trade
unions and similar groups as an agreement * New composition of the
ECU as on 21 st September 1989. Deutsche Mark DEM : 30.10% French
Franc FRF : 19.00% Pound Sterling GBP : 13.00% Italian Lira ITL :
10.15% Dutch Guilder NLG 9.40% 7.90% Belgian Franc BFR 2.45% Danish
Kronor DKK 1.10% Irish Pund IEP 0.80% Greek Drachma GRD 5.30%
Spanish Peseta ESP 0.80% Portuguese Escudo PTE IX x between
governments and businesses, there followed calls for and the
adoption by eleven Heads of State of a Social Charter.
At the end of 1992, things will never again be the same inside the
European Economic Community (EEC), because, as that year draws to a
close, the aims of the Single Act of European Union (SAEU), which
became law in July, this year, will have become effective - thus
creating a 'real' Common Market. This will mean that there will no
longer be any obstacles to the free movement of goods between the
Member States. Equally, and for the first time in the EEC's
history, internal capital movements will be absolutely free, there
will no longer be any exchange controls and it will be possible to
freely establish financial services between EEC countries.
Likewise, as currently being proposed by Lord Cockfield, wide
variations in the levels of value added tax (VAT) between Member
States will not be allowed. Also, in the case ~f the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP), it will no longer be possible (nor even
necessary) to have the monetary compensatory amounts (MCA's). All
these changes - but especially the increased freedom in capital
movements - will have profound consequences for the different
regions of the Community and it will be desirable to have a much
more dynamic Regional Policy before 1993. Last, but by no means
least, a greater number of decisions inside the Community will be
made by majority voting and the Parliament will be endowed with
enhanced powers.
The European M:: metary System (EMS) is perhaps the only success
story of the Common Market since the First Enlargement. Its
success, particul arly where the comnercial use of the ECU is
concerned, has taken rrost experts by surprise. So much so, that
when the author tried to recommend to his students a suitable and
substantial work of study and/or reference about the experience of
the EMS and its possible future evolution --- no book could be
found. Thus, the author set out to write the present work. The
author's aim is not to give a historical account of the EHS.
Rather, the intention is to place the experience in a major
historical context wherein the System is seen an important
transitional phase on the road to the implementation of a full
economic and rronetary union (EMU) When examining the earlier plans
for an EMU which saw the light of day between 1969 and 1970
(already so long ago ) clear reasons emerge why the original six
founder Member States of the EEC should have found it logical to
embark upon the road to an El'1U - "p=vided the political will to
do so existed." Thus, they had become highly integrated and were
conducting half their trade with each other. Then, there was the
desire to integrate still further ---- eventually leading (perhaps)
to a political union."
by Peter Coffey THE BACKGROUND Once again, Europe finds itselfata
majorcrossroads. In January, 1999, the Euro, the European currency,
was launched. This major undertaking does reaffinn the
EuropeanUnion'scommon international monetarypersonality whilst
further deepening the integration process in Western Europe. The
launch of the Euro has gone hand-in-hand with an intensification of
the negotiating process between the European Union (EU) and a
number of countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Cyprus which
are seeking membershipofthe EU. These countriesare divided into two
groups, i. e. the so-called "frontrunners" (Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia), and the "others"
(Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania). The accession
negotiations with the first group have pro- ceeded rather swiftly.
Now, the second group ofcountries wishes to move into the first
one. PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP
Basicallyspeaking,countries fulfilling the following criteria may
apply for membershipofthe EU: 1. they mustbe (geographically
speaking) Europeancountries, XIV Europe - Toward the Next
Enlargement 2. theymust have a multi-party parliamentary democracy,
3. they must have a market-type economy, and, 4. they must respect
human rights. These are obviously very basic criteria, thus at the
Copenhagen Summitof 1993, they were further refined with an eye to
the future enlargement - eastwards - of the EU. In some ways, this
listofcriteria obscures someofthe real basic problems which future
Member States face in the process of the negotiations for
membership. Basically, these countries must accept the three
fundamental treaties, i. e. , the Rome, Maastricht and
AmsterdamTreaties.
NAFTA has been described by one expert as being a partial customs
union. It is, in any case, a special kind of free trade area
because it consists of two highly developed economies and one large
third world economy. In this book, the contributors examine the
specific interests of the three member countries, Canada, Mexico,
and the United States in the creation of NAFTA. They also assess
the influence of this trade area on their economics. Looking to the
future, doubts are expressed about the feasibility of using NAFTA
(a hope expressed by the USA) as a stepping stone in the creation
of a Free Trade Area of the Americas. Instead, the contributors see
the consolidation of MERCOSUR in Latin America and the creation of
a new Trans-Atlantic Market - as proposed by Sir Leon Brittan - as
more likely developments.
Latin America's experience with regional economic integration has
been only slightly shorter than that of Europe. In fact, the first
attempt at integration started as early as 1960, with the creation
of LAFTA - the Latin American Free Trade Area (subsequently
replaced by LAIA - the Latin American Integration Association).
LAFTA, composed of 11 countries, sought, unsuccessfully, to create
a free trade area in 12 years. In 1969, the Andean pact, which
sought, also unsuccessfully, to create a sub-regional free trade
area, was set up. Recently the Presidents of Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay signed the Treaty of Asuncion aimed at
creating a common market as from 1st January, 1995. This common
market, MERCOSUR, will be completed by 2006. In comparison with the
earlier and unsuccessful attempts at integration, and despite
challenges and problems, both internal and external, MERCOSUR is
working, and trade between the member States is increasing.
Furthermore, as with the case of the European Union (EU), serious
attempts (notably between Argentina and Brazil) are being made to
co-ordinate economic and monetary policies. The most important
evidence of these moves is the introduction of hard currencies, the
reduction in the size of the public sector and the privatization of
State assets. These are clearly exciting times for Latin American
integration. In this book, the first in a new series of books on
International Economic Integration, the authors examine the
experience of MERCOSUR in the Latin American integration progress.
After an analysis of the history of the moves towards integration
in South America, the case of each Member State and the Associate
Country is examined and perspectives for the future are assessed.
THEBACKGROUND Why a book on Europe - Toward the Year 200l? There
are two principal reasons why a European should embark upon such a
hazardous enterprise. First, when the Treaty on European Union
(popularly known as the Maastricht Treaty, and, hereafter referred
to as the Treaty in this introduction) was signed in February 1992,
it was agreed that the heads of government of the EU Member States
would assemble, in 1996, to examine its workings. This meeting will
be known as the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC). Second, by the
end of the century, it is certain that arrangements will have been
made for the admission of some countries of Central and Eastern
Europe into the European Union (EU). Consequently, even with or
without the holding of the IGC, it will be urgently necessary to
reform some of the Community's policies - notably the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the structural poliCies which are
linked, for example, 2 Europe - Toward 2001 with the Regional and
Social Funds - before these countries become members. Failure to do
this could result in bankruptcy for the EU. Of almost equal
importance is the reform of the institutions and the actual
workings of the Community. Already with 12 Member States, it was
difficult enough to manage things on a daily basis. Now, as more
countries join the Union, things could literally grind to a stop.
Thus, changes in this area are indispensable.
THEBACKGROUND Why a book on Europe - Toward the Year 200l? There
are two principal reasons why a European should embark upon such a
hazardous enterprise. First, when the Treaty on European Union
(popularly known as the Maastricht Treaty, and, hereafter referred
to as the Treaty in this introduction) was signed in February 1992,
it was agreed that the heads of government of the EU Member States
would assemble, in 1996, to examine its workings. This meeting will
be known as the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC). Second, by the
end of the century, it is certain that arrangements will have been
made for the admission of some countries of Central and Eastern
Europe into the European Union (EU). Consequently, even with or
without the holding of the IGC, it will be urgently necessary to
reform some of the Community's policies - notably the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the structural poliCies which are
linked, for example, 2 Europe - Toward 2001 with the Regional and
Social Funds - before these countries become members. Failure to do
this could result in bankruptcy for the EU. Of almost equal
importance is the reform of the institutions and the actual
workings of the Community. Already with 12 Member States, it was
difficult enough to manage things on a daily basis. Now, as more
countries join the Union, things could literally grind to a stop.
Thus, changes in this area are indispensable.
The European M:: metary System (EMS) is perhaps the only success
story of the Common Market since the First Enlargement. Its
success, particul arly where the comnercial use of the ECU is
concerned, has taken rrost experts by surprise. So much so, that
when the author tried to recommend to his students a suitable and
substantial work of study and/or reference about the experience of
the EMS and its possible future evolution --- no book could be
found. Thus, the author set out to write the present work. The
author's aim is not to give a historical account of the EHS.
Rather, the intention is to place the experience in a major
historical context wherein the System is seen an important
transitional phase on the road to the implementation of a full
economic and rronetary union (EMU) When examining the earlier plans
for an EMU which saw the light of day between 1969 and 1970
(already so long ago ) clear reasons emerge why the original six
founder Member States of the EEC should have found it logical to
embark upon the road to an El'1U - "p=vided the political will to
do so existed." Thus, they had become highly integrated and were
conducting half their trade with each other. Then, there was the
desire to integrate still further ---- eventually leading (perhaps)
to a political union."
Latin America's experience with regional economic integration has
been only slightly shorter than that of Europe. In fact, the first
attempt at integration started as early as 1960, with the creation
of LAFTA - the Latin American Free Trade Area (subsequently
replaced by LAIA - the Latin American Integration Association).
LAFTA, composed of 11 countries, sought, unsuccessfully, to create
a free trade area in 12 years. In 1969, the Andean pact, which
sought, also unsuccessfully, to create a sub-regional free trade
area, was set up. Recently the Presidents of Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay signed the Treaty of Asuncion aimed at
creating a common market as from 1st January, 1995. This common
market, MERCOSUR, will be completed by 2006. In comparison with the
earlier and unsuccessful attempts at integration, and despite
challenges and problems, both internal and external, MERCOSUR is
working, and trade between the member States is increasing.
Furthermore, as with the case of the European Union (EU), serious
attempts (notably between Argentina and Brazil) are being made to
co-ordinate economic and monetary policies. The most important
evidence of these moves is the introduction of hard currencies, the
reduction in the size of the public sector and the privatization of
State assets. These are clearly exciting times for Latin American
integration. In this book, the first in a new series of books on
International Economic Integration, the authors examine the
experience of MERCOSUR in the Latin American integration progress.
After an analysis of the history of the moves towards integration
in South America, the case of each Member State and the Associate
Country is examined and perspectives for the future are assessed.
This collection of sermons and essays from the Gospels gives us
glimpses of Jesus the Christ, touching on His unique person, His
profound teaching, His miracles, and the salvation He secured
through His death and resurrection. Some of America's finest
expository preachers explain the Gospel texts with depth and
understanding and always with a view toward personal application of
the truths they reveal. The contributors to this enlightening and
practical volume are John Whitcomb, Ivan French, Richard Mayhue,
Bob Lanning, Ernie Godshall, Ike Graham, John French, James Coffey,
Jarl Waggoner, Tom Triggs, Michael Hontz, and Lee Compson. These
men-all graduates of Grace Theological Seminary-represent various
churches and ministries and three generations of biblical
preachers.
This is a new release of the original 1938 edition.
About the Contributor(s): P. Coffey was Professor of Logic and
Metaphysics at Maynooth College Ireland. His works include
Epistemology or the Theory of Knowledge.
St. Alphonsus writes: "a single bad book will be sufficient to
cause the destruction of a monastery." Pope Pius XII wrote in 1947
at the beatification of Blessed Maria Goretti: "There rises to Our
lips the cry of the Saviour: 'Woe to the world because of scandals
' (Matthew 18:7). Woe to those who consciously and deliberately
spread corruption-in novels, newspapers, magazines, theaters,
films, in a world of immodesty " We at St. Pius X Press are calling
for a crusade of good books. We want to restore 1,000 old Catholic
books to the market. We ask for your assistance and prayers. This
book is a photographic reprint of the original. The original has
been inspected and some imperfections may remain. At Saint Pius X
Press our goal is to remain faithful to the original in both
photographic reproductions and in textual reproductions that are
reprinted. Photographic reproductions are given a page by page
inspection, whereas textual reproductions are proofread to correct
any errors in reproduction.
This is a new release of the original 1938 edition.
Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of
rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for
everyone!
Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of
rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for
everyone!
Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of
rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for
everyone!
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