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Risk communication: the evolution of attempts Risk communication is
at once a very new and a very old field of interest. Risk analysis,
as Krimsky and Plough (1988:2) point out, dates back at least to
the Babylonians in 3200 BC. Cultures have traditionally utilized a
host of mecha nisms for anticipating, responding to, and
communicating about hazards - as in food avoidance, taboos, stigma
of persons and places, myths, migration, etc. Throughout history,
trade between places has necessitated labelling of containers to
indicate their contents. Seals at sites of the ninth century BC
Harappan civilization of South Asia record the owner and/or
contents of the containers (Hadden, 1986:3). The Pure Food and Drug
Act, the first labelling law with national scope in the United
States, was passed in 1906. Common law covering the workplace in a
number of countries has traditionally required that employers
notify workers about significant dangers that they encounter on the
job, an obligation formally extended to chronic hazards in the
OSHA's Hazard Communication regulation of 1983 in the United
States. In this sense, risk communication is probably the oldest
way of risk manage ment. However, it is only until recently that
risk communication has attracted the attention of regulators as an
explicit alternative to the by now more common and formal
approaches of standard setting, insuring etc. (Baram, 1982)."
Quantified Societal Risk and Policy Making is the result of an
international workshop on societal risk organized by the Dutch
Ministry for Transport, Public Works and Water Management with
additional financial support from the Directorate for
Transportation (DG VII) of the European Union. Managing risks,
whether there is a strong man-made or natural component, basically
means assessing alternative options under uncertainty. The
possibility of multiple fatalities is one of the factors that can
vary between options. This volume is concerned with one particular
type of risk - the risk of death of a number of people in one
accident - and with one particular tool - probabilistic risk
analysis - as they are developing in various domains of society
nowadays. Generally, this risk is labelled societal risk. This book
shows how such comparisons are shaped at present in various hazard
domains, such as: flood protection location and physical planning
of industry transportation of chemicals, and prevention of aircraft
accidents. It examines how to represent aggregate risks from major
hazards in ways that can be handled by policy-makers. The purpose
of the book is to increase the awareness of societal risk,
disseminate available knowledge of existing approaches, and
exchange information on applications from various domains.
Quantified Societal Risk and Policy Making should be of interest to
all those professionally concerned with defining the optimal
separation between hazardous activities and equally desirable
developments nearby.
Quantified Societal Risk and Policy Making is the result of an
international workshop on societal risk organized by the Dutch
Ministry for Transport, Public Works and Water Management with
additional financial support from the Directorate for
Transportation (DG VII) of the European Union. Managing risks,
whether there is a strong man-made or natural component, basically
means assessing alternative options under uncertainty. The
possibility of multiple fatalities is one of the factors that can
vary between options. This volume is concerned with one particular
type of risk - the risk of death of a number of people in one
accident - and with one particular tool - probabilistic risk
analysis - as they are developing in various domains of society
nowadays. Generally, this risk is labelled societal risk. This book
shows how such comparisons are shaped at present in various hazard
domains, such as: flood protection location and physical planning
of industry transportation of chemicals, and prevention of aircraft
accidents. It examines how to represent aggregate risks from major
hazards in ways that can be handled by policy-makers. The purpose
of the book is to increase the awareness of societal risk,
disseminate available knowledge of existing approaches, and
exchange information on applications from various domains.
Quantified Societal Risk and Policy Making should be of interest to
all those professionally concerned with defining the optimal
separation between hazardous activities and equally desirable
developments nearby.
Risk communication: the evolution of attempts Risk communication is
at once a very new and a very old field of interest. Risk analysis,
as Krimsky and Plough (1988:2) point out, dates back at least to
the Babylonians in 3200 BC. Cultures have traditionally utilized a
host of mecha nisms for anticipating, responding to, and
communicating about hazards - as in food avoidance, taboos, stigma
of persons and places, myths, migration, etc. Throughout history,
trade between places has necessitated labelling of containers to
indicate their contents. Seals at sites of the ninth century BC
Harappan civilization of South Asia record the owner and/or
contents of the containers (Hadden, 1986:3). The Pure Food and Drug
Act, the first labelling law with national scope in the United
States, was passed in 1906. Common law covering the workplace in a
number of countries has traditionally required that employers
notify workers about significant dangers that they encounter on the
job, an obligation formally extended to chronic hazards in the
OSHA's Hazard Communication regulation of 1983 in the United
States. In this sense, risk communication is probably the oldest
way of risk manage ment. However, it is only until recently that
risk communication has attracted the attention of regulators as an
explicit alternative to the by now more common and formal
approaches of standard setting, insuring etc. (Baram, 1982)."
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