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In the small world of micrometer to nanometer scale many natural
and industrial processes include attachment of colloid particles
(solid spheres, liquid droplets, gas bubbles or protein
macromolecules) to fluid interfaces and their confinement in liquid
films. This may lead to the appearance of lateral interactions
between particles at interfaces, or between inclusions in
phospholipid membranes, followed eventually by the formation of
two-dimensional ordered arrays. The book is devoted to the
description of such processes, their consecutive stages, and to the
investigation of the underlying physico-chemical mechanisms.
The first six chapters give a concise but informative introduction
to the basic knowledge in surface and colloid science, which
includes both traditional concepts and some recent results.
Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to the basic theory of capillarity,
kinetics of surfactant adsorption, shapes of axisymmetric fluid
interfaces, contact angles and line tension. Chapters 3 and 4
present a generalization of the theory of capillarity to the case,
in which the variation of the interfacial (membrane) curvature
contributes to the total energy of the system. The generalized
Laplace equation is applied to determine the configurations of free
and adherent biological cells. Chapters 5 and 6 are focused on the
role of thin liquid films and hydrodynamic factors in the
attachment of solid and fluid particles to an interface. Surface
forces of various physical nature are presented and their relative
importance is discussed. Hydrodynamic interactions of a colloidal
particle with an interface (or another particle) are also
considered.
Chapters 7 to 10 are devoted to the theoretical foundation of
various kinds of capillary forces. When two particles are attached
to the same interface (membrane), capillary interactions, mediated
by the interface or membrane, appear between them. Two major kinds
of capillary interactions are described: (i) capillary immersion
force related to the surface wettability (Chapter 7), (ii)
capillary flotation force originating from interfacial deformations
due to particle weight (Chapter 8). Special attention is paid to
the theory of capillary immersion forces between particles
entrapped in spherical liquid films (Chapter 9). A generalization
of the theory of immersion forces allows one to describe
membrane-mediated interactions between protein inclusions into a
lipid bilayer (Chapter 10).
Chapter 11 is devoted to the theory of the capillary bridges and
the capillary-bridge forces, whose importance has been recognized
in phenomena like consolidation of granules and soils, wetting of
powders, capillary condensation, long-range hydrophobic attraction,
etc. The nucleation of capillary bridges is also examined.
Chapter 12 considers solid particles, which have an irregular
wetting perimeter upon attachment to a fluid interface. The
undulated contact line induces interfacial deformations, which
engender a special lateral capillary force between the particles.
The latter contributes to the dilatational and shear elastic moduli
of particulate adsorption monolayers.
Chapter 13 describes how lateral capillary forces, facilitated by
convective flows and some specific and non-specific interactions,
can lead to the aggregation and ordering of various particles at
fluid interfaces or in thin liquid films. Recent results on
fabricating two-dimensional (2D) arrays from micrometer and
sub-micrometer latex particles, as well as 2D crystals from
proteins and protein complexes, are reviewed.
Chapter 14 presents applied aspects of the particle-surface
interaction in antifoaming and defoaming. The mechanisms of
antifoaming action involve as a necessary step the entering of an
antifoam particle at the air-water interface. The considered
mechanisms indicate the factors for control of foaminess.
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