Converting biomass to biofuels involves hydrolyzing cellulose to sugars using cost-intensive commercial enzymes - an expensive step that makes large-scale production economically non-viable. As such, there is a need for low-cost bioprocessing. This book critically evaluates the available bioprocessing technologies for various biofuels, and presents the latest research in the field. It also highlights the recent developments, current challenges and viable alternative approaches to reduce the overall cost of producing biofuels.

Biofuels are one of the most sustainable options when it comes to renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels. Biotechnological processes, such as microbial fermentation, are used to produce energy from waste biomass by converting organic substrates into biofuels. This book discusses practices to improve and enrich various microbial communities in order to enhance sustainable and economical biofuel production. It also evaluates various strategies to develop potential microorganisms and microbial consortia to produce highly efficient biofuels at a relatively low cost.

Production and utilization of sustainable energy toward maintaining a clean environment is a major challenge. At the same time, the continued depletion of fossil fuels and the global dependency on non-renewable fuels is a chief concern. Moreover, the long-term economic and environmental issues associated with the high utilization of fossil fuel, such as global warming, are also important, particularly in the context of the predicted increase in the global population to around 5 billion by 2050. In recent years, researchers have been investigating alternative, renewable fuels to replace fossil fuels. Of the various options, biofuels are especially attractive due to their low production costs and the fact that they are pollution free. Also known as transportation fuels, their energy is derived from biological resources or through the biological processes. Biofuels such as biohydrogen, biomethane, biogas, ethanol and butanol offer a number of advantages and can be economically produced from cellulosic biomass. As such, they can play a vital role in sustainably meeting future energy demands. Biofuels have the potential to become a global primary energy source, offering significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as well as opportunities to increase economic and social development in rural communities and reduce the problems associated with waste disposal. However, low yields and lack of process technology are some of the aspects that need to be addressed. This book offers an overview of existing biofuels and the technologies to solve the problems associated with their practical implementation. Evaluating the biofuel options and discussing the opportunities and risks in relation to resources, technologies, practices, markets and policy, it provides insights into the development of economically viable bioenergy industries.

Production and utilization of sustainable energy toward maintaining a clean environment is a major challenge. At the same time, the continued depletion of fossil fuels and the global dependency on non-renewable fuels is a chief concern. Moreover, the long-term economic and environmental issues associated with the high utilization of fossil fuel, such as global warming, are also important, particularly in the context of the predicted increase in the global population to around 5 billion by 2050. In recent years, researchers have been investigating alternative, renewable fuels to replace fossil fuels. Of the various options, biofuels are especially attractive due to their low production costs and the fact that they are pollution free. Also known as transportation fuels, their energy is derived from biological resources or through the biological processes. Biofuels such as biohydrogen, biomethane, biogas, ethanol and butanol offer a number of advantages and can be economically produced from cellulosic biomass. As such, they can play a vital role in sustainably meeting future energy demands. Biofuels have the potential to become a global primary energy source, offering significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as well as opportunities to increase economic and social development in rural communities and reduce the problems associated with waste disposal. However, low yields and lack of process technology are some of the aspects that need to be addressed. This book offers an overview of existing biofuels and the technologies to solve the problems associated with their practical implementation. Evaluating the biofuel options and discussing the opportunities and risks in relation to resources, technologies, practices, markets and policy, it provides insights into the development of economically viable bioenergy industries.

This edited book presents nanotechnology-based approaches to improve quality of biofuels production. It covers the use of different nanomaterials in various biofuels production methods and their sustainable utility analysis to improve production of biofuels at economical and mass scale. Environmentally friendly, low cost, and synthesis via green and renewable resources are the main key features covered by this book. Advantages and sustainability scope of green and renewable material to synthesize nanomaterial and reduction in synthesis cost over to chemical synthesis cost have been discussed in this book. The book also explores various green synthesis possibilities to synthesize nanomaterials that are frequently involved in biofuels production process as catalysts. Various feasible mechanisms have also been explained. Maximum and sustainable use of green nanomaterials at every step of biofuels production is also one of the major focuses of this book. It covers mega audiences, which include academician, researchers, and industries people. This book will be highly interesting for researchers and scientists as well as related industries.

Wireless communication has emerged as an independent discipline in the past decades. Everything from cellular voice telephony to wireless data transmission using wireless sensor networks has profoundly impacted the safety, production, and productivity of industries and our lifestyle as well. After a decade of exponential growth, the wireless industry is one of the largest industries in the world. Therefore, it would be an injustice if the wireless communication is not explored for mining industry. Underground mines, which are characterized by their tough working conditions and hazardous environments, require fool-proof mine-wide communication systems for smooth functioning of mine workings and ensuring better safety. Proper and re- able communication systems not only save the machine breakdown time but also help in immediate passing of messages from the vicinity of underground working area to the surface for day-to-day normal mining operations as well as for speedy rescue operations in case of disaster. Therefore, a reliable and effective commu- cation system is an essential requisite for safe working, and maintaining requisite production and productivity of underground mines. Most of the existing systems generally available in underground mines are based on line (wired) communication principle, hence these are unable to withstand in the disaster conditions and dif?cult to deploy in inaccessible places. Therefore, wireless communication is an indispe- able, reliable, and convenient system and essential in case of day-to-day normal duty or disaster situations.

This edited book presents nanotechnology-based approaches to improve quality of biofuels production. It covers the use of different nanomaterials in various biofuels production methods and their sustainable utility analysis to improve production of biofuels at economical and mass scale. Environmentally friendly, low cost, and synthesis via green and renewable resources are the main key features covered by this book. Advantages and sustainability scope of green and renewable material to synthesize nanomaterial and reduction in synthesis cost over to chemical synthesis cost have been discussed in this book. The book also explores various green synthesis possibilities to synthesize nanomaterials that are frequently involved in biofuels production process as catalysts. Various feasible mechanisms have also been explained. Maximum and sustainable use of green nanomaterials at every step of biofuels production is also one of the major focuses of this book. It covers mega audiences, which include academician, researchers, and industries people. This book will be highly interesting for researchers and scientists as well as related industries.

This contributed volume presents new insight into sustainable possibilities of combination of nanomaterial and bioenergy production together. Biofuels as renewable energy sources have tremendous potential to replace fossil fuels in future energy scenario as biofuels production is likely to be advanced and novel research areas offers green alternative energy sources. continuous efforts are being made for the cost-effective production of biofuels worldwide to balance its techno-economy. In series of tremendous effort to improve biofuels production technologies, use of nanomaterials to improve biofuels production efficiency is highly emerging area with full scope to developed low cost, rapid technologies for biofuels production. The book covers the practical utility based properties of nanomaterial and bioenergy production together. It also discusses the recent advancements on various nanomaterial utility in biofuel production process along with its low cost application. It covers mega audiences, which include academician, researchers, and industries people. This book will be highly interesting for researchers and scientists as well as related industries.

The book revisit in depth scope of agroindustrial waste for enhancement in biofuels production on practical ground. It explores and discusses various cellulose rich agro-wastes along with low cost, advance technology based options for sustainable biofuels production. Lignocellulosic biomasses are potential producer of biofuels due to renewable nature and huge occurrence. Cellulose is the main polymeric component of these biomasses apart from lignin and hemicellulose. It can be converted into fermentable sugars using cellulase enzyme which can be further converted into the renewable energy sources such as biohydrogen, bioethanol, biogas and butanol. Chapters in this title provide exclusive and critical analysis of specific biofuels production process only from lignocellulosic biomass, based on their type, property, availability, cost and most important sugar or cellulose content along with the simplest process search for converting these biomasses into biofuels to make overall process more simple and economical.It is a useful guide for academician and environmentalist who are working to explore feasible advantages associated with these kinds of waste management and their effective valorization. It is also a great resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, professionals, and other interested individuals/groups working in the field of biofuel/bioenergy.

New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: From Cellulose to Cellulase: Strategies to Improve Biofuel Production outlines new methods for the industrial production of the cellulose enzyme. The book compares the various processes for the production of biofuels, including the cost of cellulose production and availability. Biofuels are considered to be the main alternatives to fossil fuels in reducing environmental pollution and climate change. Currently, all existing biofuel production is suffering because of the high costs of production processes. As a result, cost effective practical implementation is needed to make this a viable energy alternative.

Industrial Enzymes for Biofuels Production: Recent Updates and Future Trends focuses on resolving existing bottlenecks in enzymes mediated biomass to biofuels production processes through updating recent scientific knowledge and technology developments. The book provides low cost sustainable approaches to lower the cost of enzymes production following different approaches. It is specifically focused on industrial aspects of enzymes used in biofuels production processes by presenting in-depth study of existing issues related to practical viability and long-term sustainability. The book covers detailed discussions on market scenario of industrial enzymes used in biofuels production processes and compares them on both lab and industrial scale. Users will find this to be a great resource that also helps them develop low cost green technologies for enzyme development in biofuels production.

Nano-Materials as Photocatalysts for Degradation of Environmental Pollutants: Challenges and Possibilities contains both practical and theoretical aspects of environmental management using the processes of photodegradation and various heterogeneous catalysts. The book's main focus is on the degradation of harmful pollutants, such as petrochemicals, crude oils, dyes, xenobiotic pharmaceutical waste, endocrine disrupting compounds, and other common pollutants. Chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects. This book is useful for undergraduate or university students, teachers and researchers, especially those working in areas of photocatalysis through heterogeneous catalysts. The primary audience for this book includes Chemical Engineers, Environmental Engineers and scientists, scholars working on the management of hazardous waste, scientists working in fields of materials science, and Civil Engineers working on wastewater treatment.

The book provides insight into the use of some basic processes existing today in the domain of nonconventional manufacturing (machining). This enables one to understand the difficulties in manufacturing of many components, starting with a hypodermic-needle tip to a complicated die shape and then to a sophisticated micro-miniaturised electronics. Some of the processes involve mechanical failure due to particle impact (as in case of abrasive, water or both mixed together, ultrasonics), whereas other ideal with material interaction with chemicals, electrons, photons or ions, and hardly consider the form-stability of work-tool combination as in a conventional manufacturing processes. The twelve chapters discuss the most common industrially exploited processes in detail. Each chapter starts with an orientation to the processes and is followed by exposure to the coupling of the energy causing the typical failure (theory of material removal), principle of operation of the machine and the control of process parameters affecting the process. The ending of each chapter is with a question bank to encourage self-study and references for further guidance. Students, academia and industries will find this book most useful as it contains materials beginning with state-of-the-art to most up-to-date information giving both analytical and practical approaches to the problems.

This volume focuses on technological advances relevant to establishing biofuels as a viable alternative to fossil fuels by overcoming current limitations. The progressive depletion of fossil fuels due to their large-scale utilization and their environmental consequences, notably global warming, increase the need for sustainable and cleaner energy options. Renewable biofuels - like biohydrogen, biomethane, biogas, ethanol and butenol - represent attractive energy sources to meet the growing global demand, thanks to sustainable and cost-efficient production approaches based on cellulosic biomass. Currently, the commercialization of these technologies is hindered by technical and economic limitations, such as biomass complexity and pre-treatment, enzyme hydrolysis, production efficiency as well as storage and cost. As such, this book presents economically viable and sustainable approaches to improve existing biofuel technologies and appeals to anyone with an interest in biofuels as renewable energy options and their practical implementation.