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This book analyzes the concept of using oil tankers' free cargo
space and/or segregated ballast tanks to transport freshwater on
the return leg, i.e. from oil unloading port back to oil loading
port - also called freshwater backhauling (FWBH). The hypothesis
considered is that by shipping freshwater this way to arid, oil
exporting regions one can achieve a low cost and low GHG emission
water supply system.The book analyzes the concept in a holistic
manner, considering technical issues, transport and infrastructure
costs, environmental impacts and contractual and legal issues.Costs
are estimated both on a general and scenario specific level. It is
found that freshwater could be shipped by way of backhauling by oil
tankers to Saudi Arabia from Japan at a cost of between 0.83 and
1.16 USD/ton, including all infrastructure except distribution
systems and excluding modifications to the tankers themselves.This
cost level makes FWBH to a certain degree competitive with the
chief water supply technology in the Middle East, desalination.It
is clear, that in many cases FWBH is the superior option compared
to desalination, especially when including environmental aspects.
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