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Psychology in Prisons illustrates how a knowledge of psychological
principles can lead to a better understanding of the prison
environment and the problems that occur within it. The authors show
how psychology can be used to increase understanding of prisoners
and to deal with day-to-day problems in prison life. They focus on
key problem areas such as sex offenders, violent criminals and the
issue of AIDS. The book also explores the effects of the prison
environment on staff and suggests means of reducing the levels of
stress.
Prisons have a very distinctive environment, one in which
particular psychological problems occur with exaggerated frequency
and intensity. If prison staff are to work effectively they must be
aware of the influence of this unique environment upon the
behaviour of those who inhabit it. This book argues that by
applying psychological principles the behaviour of prisons can be
better understood, and violence, distress and stress can be
limited. The authors show how psychology can be used to increase
our understanding of prisoners, how they became involved in crime,
and how they adapt to prison life. They explain how psychology can
be used and applied to make for more effective day-to-day dealing
with prisoners. The authors focus on key areas of tension and
particular problem groups, including sex offenders, violent
offenders and the issue of AIDS. But the book also considers the
effect that working in a prison has on its staff and explores how
they can use psychological principles both to reduce the level of
stress they undergo in their work and to secure the prisoners'
mental well being.
The relationship of military readiness activities of the Department
of Defense (DOD) to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and to the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) was the subject of legislative
proposals in the 107th Congress and again in the 108th. P.L.
107-314 was silent as to ESA issues, but does contain MBTA
provisions. Section 315 of that act directs that regulations be
developed to exempt the Armed Forces from MBTA penalties for the
incidental taking of migratory birds during military readiness
activities. Until such regulations are finalized, 315 provides that
the prohibitions of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act do not apply to
the incidental taking of migratory birds by a member of the Armed
Forces during military readiness activities, but the Secretary of
Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, is to
minimize and mitigate, to the extent practicable, adverse impacts
of the readiness activities on affected migratory birds. Proposed
regulations were published on June 2, 2004 that would exempt DOD
military readiness activities and those of the Coast Guard in the
Department of Homeland Security from MBTA penalties, but this
authorization can be withdrawn or suspended under certain
circumstances.
Congress is again considering whether to permit drilling for oil
and gas in the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR), Alaska, to designate the area as wilderness, or to retain
the status quo of maintaining the area as a Refuge without
drilling. This area is rich in wildlife and wilderness values, but
may also contain significant oil and gas deposits. H.R. 567 and S.
261 have been introduced in the 109th Congress to designate the
coastal plain of ANWR a wilderness, but H.R. 6 has passed the
House. Title XXII of the bill would authorize oil and gas leasing
in ANWR. Both the House and Senate have approved H.Con.Res. 95, a
budget resolution that may necessitate revenues from oil and gas
development in the Refuge to meet the budget reconciliation
targets, and allow enactment of such legislation without
filibuster. This report provides background on the legal issues
surrounding ANWR development proposals, and will be updated as
circumstances warrant. For an updated summary of current actions on
bills, see CRS Issue Brief IB10136: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR): Controversies for the 109th Congress.
Various issues regarding monuments have generated both controversy
and lawsuits. Issues include the size of the areas and types of
resources protected, the inclusion of non-federal lands within
monument boundaries, restrictions on land uses that may result, the
manner in which the monuments were created, the selection of the
managing agency, and other legal issues. Courts have upheld both
particular monuments and the President's authority to create them.
This book addresses the authority of the President to create
national monuments on federal lands under the Antiquities Act of
1906. It discusses the benefits of the Act and those aspects of the
Act that have been controversial, including the size and types of
resources protected; the level of and types of threat to designated
areas; effects of proclamations on land uses; consistency of the
Act with the withdrawal, public participation, and environmental
review aspects of other laws; monument management by agencies other
than the National Park Service (NPS); and the constitutionality of
the Act. Contents: Preface; National Monuments and the Antiquities
Act; Recent Designations and Issues; Authority of a President to
Modify or Elimin
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