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This volume addresses major issues and research in corrections and
sentencing with the goal of using previous research and findings as
a platform for recommendations about future research, evaluation,
and policy. The last several decades witnessed major policy changes
in sentencing and corrections in the United States, as well as
considerable research to identify the most effective strategies for
addressing criminal behavior. These efforts included changes in
sentencing that eliminated parole and imposed draconian sentences
for violent and drug crimes. The federal government, followed by
most states, implemented sentencing guidelines that greatly reduced
the discretion of the courts to impose sentences. The results were
a multifold increase in the numbers of individuals in jails and
prisons and on community supervision-increases that have only
recently crested. There were also efforts to engage prosecutors and
the courts in diversion and oversight, including the development of
prosecutorial diversion programs, as well as a variety of specialty
courts. Penal reform has included efforts to understand the
transitions from prison to the community, including federal-led
efforts focused on reentry programming. Community corrections
reforms have ranged from increased surveillance through drug
testing, electronic monitoring, and in some cases, judicial
oversight, to rehabilitative efforts driven by risk and needs
assessment. More recently, the focus has included pretrial reform
to reduce the number of people held in jail pending trial, efforts
that have brought attention to the use of bail and its
disproportionate impact on people of color and the poor. This
collection of chapters from leading researchers addresses a wide
array of the latest research in the field. A unique approach
featuring responses to the original essays by active researchers
spurs discussion and provides a foundation for developing
directions for future research and policymaking.
Sentencing Policies and Practices in the 21st Century focuses on
the evolution and consequences of sentencing policies and
practices, with sentencing broadly defined to include plea
bargaining, judicial and juror decision making, and alternatives to
incarceration, including participation in problem-solving courts.
This collection of essays and reports of original research explores
how sentencing policies and practices, both in the United States
and internationally, have evolved, explores important issues raised
by guideline and non-guideline sentencing, and provides an overview
of recent research on plea bargaining in the United States,
Australia, and the United Kingdom. Other topics include the role of
criminal history in sentencing, the past and future of capital
punishment, strategies for reducing mass incarceration,
problem-solving courts, and restorative justice practices. Each
chapter summarizes what is known, identifies the gaps in the
research, and discusses the theoretical, empirical, and policy
implications of the research findings. The volume is grounded in
current knowledge about the specific topics, but also presents new
material that reflects the thinking of the leading minds in the
field and that outlines a research agenda for the future. This is
Volume 4 of the American Society of Criminology's Division on
Corrections and Sentencing handbook series. Previous volumes
focused on risk assessment, disparities in punishment, and the
consequences of punishment decisions. The handbooks provide a
comprehensive overview of these topics for scholars, students,
practitioners, and policymakers.
This volume addresses major issues and research in corrections and
sentencing with the goal of using previous research and findings as
a platform for recommendations about future research, evaluation,
and policy. The last several decades witnessed major policy changes
in sentencing and corrections in the United States, as well as
considerable research to identify the most effective strategies for
addressing criminal behavior. These efforts included changes in
sentencing that eliminated parole and imposed draconian sentences
for violent and drug crimes. The federal government, followed by
most states, implemented sentencing guidelines that greatly reduced
the discretion of the courts to impose sentences. The results were
a multifold increase in the numbers of individuals in jails and
prisons and on community supervision-increases that have only
recently crested. There were also efforts to engage prosecutors and
the courts in diversion and oversight, including the development of
prosecutorial diversion programs, as well as a variety of specialty
courts. Penal reform has included efforts to understand the
transitions from prison to the community, including federal-led
efforts focused on reentry programming. Community corrections
reforms have ranged from increased surveillance through drug
testing, electronic monitoring, and in some cases, judicial
oversight, to rehabilitative efforts driven by risk and needs
assessment. More recently, the focus has included pretrial reform
to reduce the number of people held in jail pending trial, efforts
that have brought attention to the use of bail and its
disproportionate impact on people of color and the poor. This
collection of chapters from leading researchers addresses a wide
array of the latest research in the field. A unique approach
featuring responses to the original essays by active researchers
spurs discussion and provides a foundation for developing
directions for future research and policymaking.
The Handbook on Risk and Need Assessment: Theory and Practice
covers risk assessments for individuals being considered for parole
or probation. Evidence-based approaches to such decisions help take
the emotion and politics out of community corrections. As the
United States begins to back away from ineffective, expensive
policies of mass incarceration, this handbook will provide the
resources needed to help ensure both public safety and the
effective rehabilitation of offenders. The ASC Division on
Corrections & Sentencing Handbook Series will publish volumes
on topics ranging from violence risk assessment to specialty courts
for drug users, veterans, or the mentally ill. Each thematic volume
focuses on a single topical issue that intersects with corrections
and sentencing research.
Handbook on the Consequences of Sentencing and Punishment
Decisions, the third volume in the Routledge ASC Division on
Corrections & Sentencing Series, includes contemporary essays
on the consequences of punishment during an era of mass
incarceration. The Handbook Series offers state-of-the-art volumes
on seminal and topical issues that span the fields of sentencing
and corrections. In that spirit, the editors gathered contributions
that summarize what is known in each topical area and also identify
emerging theoretical, empirical, and policy work. The book is
grounded in the current knowledge about the specific topics, but
also includes new, synthesizing material that reflects the
knowledge of the leading minds in the field. Following an editors'
introduction, the volume is divided into four sections. First, two
contributions situate and contextualize the volume by providing
insight into the growth of mass punishment over the past three
decades and an overview of the broad consequences of punishment
decisions. The overviews are then followed by a section exploring
the broader societal impacts of punishment on housing, employment,
family relationships, and health and well-being. The third section
centers on special populations and examines the unique effects of
punishment for juveniles, immigrants, and individuals convicted of
sexual or drug-related offenses. The fourth section focuses on
institutional implications with contributions on jails, community
corrections, and institutional corrections.
Handbook on Punishment Decisions: Locations of Disparity provides a
comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on sites of
disparity in punishment decision-making. This collection of essays
and reports of original research defines disparity broadly to
include the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, age,
citizenship/immigration status, and socioeconomic status, and it
examines dimensions such as how pretrial or guilty plea processes
shape exposure to punishment, how different types of sentencing
decisions and/or policy structures (sentencing guidelines,
mandatory minimums, risk assessment tools) might shape and
condition disparity, and how post-sentencing decisions involving
probation and parole contribute to inequalities. The sixteen
contributions pull together what we know and what we don't about
punishment decision-making and plow new ground for further advances
in the field. The ASC Division on Corrections & Sentencing
Handbook Series publishes volumes on topics ranging from violence
risk assessment to specialty courts for drug users, veterans, or
people with mental illness. Each thematic volume focuses on a
single topical issue that intersects with corrections and
sentencing research.
Handbook on the Consequences of Sentencing and Punishment
Decisions, the third volume in the Routledge ASC Division on
Corrections & Sentencing Series, includes contemporary essays
on the consequences of punishment during an era of mass
incarceration. The Handbook Series offers state-of-the-art volumes
on seminal and topical issues that span the fields of sentencing
and corrections. In that spirit, the editors gathered contributions
that summarize what is known in each topical area and also identify
emerging theoretical, empirical, and policy work. The book is
grounded in the current knowledge about the specific topics, but
also includes new, synthesizing material that reflects the
knowledge of the leading minds in the field. Following an editors'
introduction, the volume is divided into four sections. First, two
contributions situate and contextualize the volume by providing
insight into the growth of mass punishment over the past three
decades and an overview of the broad consequences of punishment
decisions. The overviews are then followed by a section exploring
the broader societal impacts of punishment on housing, employment,
family relationships, and health and well-being. The third section
centers on special populations and examines the unique effects of
punishment for juveniles, immigrants, and individuals convicted of
sexual or drug-related offenses. The fourth section focuses on
institutional implications with contributions on jails, community
corrections, and institutional corrections.
Handbook on Punishment Decisions: Locations of Disparity provides a
comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on sites of
disparity in punishment decision-making. This collection of essays
and reports of original research defines disparity broadly to
include the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, age,
citizenship/immigration status, and socioeconomic status, and it
examines dimensions such as how pretrial or guilty plea processes
shape exposure to punishment, how different types of sentencing
decisions and/or policy structures (sentencing guidelines,
mandatory minimums, risk assessment tools) might shape and
condition disparity, and how post-sentencing decisions involving
probation and parole contribute to inequalities. The sixteen
contributions pull together what we know and what we don't about
punishment decision-making and plow new ground for further advances
in the field. The ASC Division on Corrections & Sentencing
Handbook Series publishes volumes on topics ranging from violence
risk assessment to specialty courts for drug users, veterans, or
people with mental illness. Each thematic volume focuses on a
single topical issue that intersects with corrections and
sentencing research.
The Handbook on Risk and Need Assessment: Theory and Practice
covers risk assessments for individuals being considered for parole
or probation. Evidence-based approaches to such decisions help take
the emotion and politics out of community corrections. As the
United States begins to back away from ineffective, expensive
policies of mass incarceration, this handbook will provide the
resources needed to help ensure both public safety and the
effective rehabilitation of offenders. The ASC Division on
Corrections & Sentencing Handbook Series will publish volumes
on topics ranging from violence risk assessment to specialty courts
for drug users, veterans, or the mentally ill. Each thematic volume
focuses on a single topical issue that intersects with corrections
and sentencing research.
Sentencing Policies and Practices in the 21st Century focuses on
the evolution and consequences of sentencing policies and
practices, with sentencing broadly defined to include plea
bargaining, judicial and juror decision making, and alternatives to
incarceration, including participation in problem-solving courts.
This collection of essays and reports of original research explores
how sentencing policies and practices, both in the United States
and internationally, have evolved, explores important issues raised
by guideline and non-guideline sentencing, and provides an overview
of recent research on plea bargaining in the United States,
Australia, and the United Kingdom. Other topics include the role of
criminal history in sentencing, the past and future of capital
punishment, strategies for reducing mass incarceration,
problem-solving courts, and restorative justice practices. Each
chapter summarizes what is known, identifies the gaps in the
research, and discusses the theoretical, empirical, and policy
implications of the research findings. The volume is grounded in
current knowledge about the specific topics, but also presents new
material that reflects the thinking of the leading minds in the
field and that outlines a research agenda for the future. This is
Volume 4 of the American Society of Criminology's Division on
Corrections and Sentencing handbook series. Previous volumes
focused on risk assessment, disparities in punishment, and the
consequences of punishment decisions. The handbooks provide a
comprehensive overview of these topics for scholars, students,
practitioners, and policymakers.
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research,
development and evaluation agency of the US Department of Justice.
The NIJ is dedicated to improving knowledge and understanding of
crime and justice issues through science. NIJ provides objective
and independent knowledge and tools to reduce crime and promote
justice, particularly at the state and local levels. Each year, the
NIJ publishes and sponsors dozens of research and study documents
detailing results, analyses and statistics that help to further the
organization's mission. These documents relate to topics like
biometrics, corrections technology, gun violence, digital
forensics, human trafficking, electronic crime, terrorism, tribal
justice and more. This document is one of these publications.
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