The aim of this study was to find out the vertical distance between the most antero-superior point on the lingual frenum and mesio-incisal edges of mandibular central incisors in dentulous subjects belonging to different age groups.we took 120 dentulous subjects (60 men, 60 women)and 20 complete denture wearers.Depending upon the age, the dentulous subjects were divided into three groups. Each group consisted of 40 subjects (20 men, 20 women).mandibular casts were made from irreversible hydrocolloid impression material in stock trays for each subject. All subjects were instructed to elevate the tongue while the impressions were made. The vertical distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and incisal edges of mandibular central incisors was measured on the casts. Means and standard deviations of the measurements were calculated and statistically analyzed. Overall (irrespective of gender) normative range for vertical distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and mesioincisal edge of mandibular central incisor among north Indian dentulous subjects is 9.52-10.24 mm.if we consider gender it is 10.00-11.13 mm for male and 8.82-9.58 mm for female.

The diversity of dental ceramics continues to stimulate laboratory and clinical research. Systems such as Dicor and Empress are now established, and data regarding the in vitro and in vivo performance of such restorations have been reported widely. Modifications to several systems have been suggested or introduced to overcome certain disadvantages. The potential of the In-Ceram system remains to be exploited to the full. The diversity and sophistication of some of the CAD-CAM systems may prove to be influential in the future. Each system has its own merits, but may also have shortcomings. Combinations of materials and techniques are beginning to emerge which aim to exploit the best features of each. Glass-ceramic and glass-infiltrated alumina blocks for CAD-CAM restoration production are examples of these and it is anticipated that this trend is likely to continue....