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Muography is a term recently introduced to embrace different
techniques that profit from the penetration capability of the muon
component of cosmic rays to investigate the interior of large and
otherwise inaccessible structures. Primary cosmic rays — high
energy particles originating outside the solar system — interact
with the Earth atmosphere and generate muons, particles with the
same electric charge as the electron, while their mass is 200 times
heavier. At the Earth's surface, cosmic muons represent the most
abundant component of cosmic rays, and favourably, they can feature
energies sufficiently high to penetrate even thick and dense
materials, giving the opportunity of unveiling the internal
structure of large volumes.Muography was made possible by the
development of detectors in the field of particle physics, allowing
the exploitation of this natural source for imaging in a vast
variety of fields, characterizing this technique as truly
interdisciplinary, and leading to significant advances in several
disciplines. This book tries to cover all aspects of this
methodology, with the different chapters pointing to the general
physics principles, to the technological and image reconstruction
challenges and to the principal applications in several fields,
such as archaeology and geology but also civil and industrial
applications.The volume contributors had omitted unnecessary
technical details, while focusing on the main features and
methodologies. Hence, the book not only targets scientists working
in the field but also non-specialists, who might enjoy the reading
as a tutorial.
The physicist Friedrich Houtermans (1903-1966) was an essential
promoter and proponent of the development of physics in Berne. He
introduced a number of activities in the field of elementary
particles, with a special focus on the physics of cosmic rays, and
important contributions in applied physics. This biography of
Houtermans was written by Edoardo Amaldi and was almost finished
just before his unexpected death in 1989. The editors have only
corrected typographical errors and have introduced only minimal
text changes in order to preserve the original content.
Additionally they have collected and included unpublished pictures
and memories from Houtermans' students and collaborators. The text
is the result of a thorough and intensive study on Houtermans' life
and character carried out by Edoardo Amaldi. It is more than a
biography, since the figure of Houtermans is set in a historical
perspective of Europe between the two world wars. This book will be
of great interest to historians and historians of science.
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