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This book aims to cast light on all aspects of tunnel fires, based
on experimental activities and theoretical and computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) analyses. In particular, the authors describe a
transient full-scale fire test (~15 MW), explaining how they
designed and performed the experimental activity inside the Morgex
North tunnel in Italy. The entire organization of the experiment is
described, from preliminary evaluations to the solutions found for
management of operational difficulties and safety issues. This fire
test allowed the collection of different measurements (temperature,
air velocity, smoke composition, pollutant species) useful for
validating and improving CFD codes and for testing the real
behavior of the tunnel and its safety systems during a diesel oil
fire with a significant heat release rate. Finally, the fire
dynamics are compared with empirical correlations, CFD simulations,
and literature measurements obtained in other similar tunnel fire
tests. This book will be of interest to all engineers and public
officials who are concerned with the nature, prevention, and
management of tunnel fires.
CP violation is a well-established phenomenon in particle physics,
but until 2001 it was only observed in kaons. In the last decade,
several matter-antimatter asymmetries have been observed in neutral
B mesons in line with the expectations of the Standard Model of the
weak interaction. Direct CP violation is also expected in the decay
rates of charged B+ mesons versus that of B- mesons, though the
greatest effects are present in a decay that occurs just twice in
10 million decays. Such rarity requires huge samples to study and
this is exactly what the LHC, and its dedicated B-physics
experiment LHCb provide. This thesis presents an analysis of the
first two years of LHCb data. The author describes the first
observation of the rare decay, B- DK-, D -K+ and the first
observation of direct CP violation in this B decay. The work
constitutes essential information on the experiment's measurement
of a fundamental parameter of the theory and stands as a benchmark
against which subsequent analyses of this type will be compared.
"CP" violation is a well-established phenomenon in particle
physics, but until 2001 it was only observed in kaons. In the last
decade, several matter-antimatter asymmetries have been observed in
neutral B mesons in line with the expectations of the Standard
Model of the weak interaction. Direct "CP" violation is also
expected in the decay rates of charged "B+ "mesons versus that of
"B-" mesons, though the greatest effects are present in a decay
that occurs just twice in 10 million decays. Such rarity requires
huge samples to study and this is exactly what the LHC, and its
dedicated "B-"physics experiment LHCb provide.This thesispresents
ananalysis of the first two years of LHCb data.The authordescribes
the first observation of the rare decay, "B- DK-, D -K+ "and the
first observation of direct "CP" violation in this "B" decay. The
workconstitutes essential information on the experiment s
measurement of a fundamental parameter of the theory and stands as
a benchmark against which subsequent analyses of this type will be
compared."
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