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Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the Chinese province
of Heilongjiang, historically known as Northern Manchuria, remained
a sparsely populated territory on the northeastern frontier. For
about two centuries, the rulers of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) -
whose historical homeland was in Manchuria - enforced a policy that
prohibited Chinese immigration and settlement and maintained the
region's reputation as the Great Northern Wilderness. Yet, as this
new study demonstrates, by the early 20th century the Chinese
government reversed its previous policy and began to encourage
immigration into Heilongjiang, turning a backwater into a thriving
frontier region. Covering the period between the reversal of the
anti-immigration policy around 1900 and the Japanese occupation of
Heilongjiang in 1931, this book investigates this distinctive
frontier and the impact upon it of the settlement of four million
Chinese settlers during a thirty-one year period. Following an
introduction providing a background to the period covered, the
study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter looks at
patterns of immigrations, settlement and the features of the newly
developing frontier society. Chapter two then deals with land
possession, tenure and relations amongst the newly arrived
settlers. The third chapter discusses the transformation of the
ethnic make-up of the region, and the move from a largely nomadic
culture to one of settled farmers. Chapter four probes the social
problems these changes caused, particularly banditry. The final
chapter revises commonly held notions about Russian dominance of
the region, arguing that Russia's influence was limited to the
railway zone. Taken together, these chapters not only provide an
overview of a territory undergoing rapid and sustained change, but
also provide insights into wider Chinese history, as well as adding
to the on-going scholarly interest in border and frontier studies.
Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the Chinese province
of Heilongjiang, historically known as Northern Manchuria, remained
a sparsely populated territory on the northeastern frontier. For
about two centuries, the rulers of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) -
whose historical homeland was in Manchuria - enforced a policy that
prohibited Chinese immigration and settlement and maintained the
region's reputation as the Great Northern Wilderness. Yet, as this
new study demonstrates, by the early 20th century the Chinese
government reversed its previous policy and began to encourage
immigration into Heilongjiang, turning a backwater into a thriving
frontier region. Covering the period between the reversal of the
anti-immigration policy around 1900 and the Japanese occupation of
Heilongjiang in 1931, this book investigates this distinctive
frontier and the impact upon it of the settlement of four million
Chinese settlers during a thirty-one year period. Following an
introduction providing a background to the period covered, the
study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter looks at
patterns of immigrations, settlement and the features of the newly
developing frontier society. Chapter two then deals with land
possession, tenure and relations amongst the newly arrived
settlers. The third chapter discusses the transformation of the
ethnic make-up of the region, and the move from a largely nomadic
culture to one of settled farmers. Chapter four probes the social
problems these changes caused, particularly banditry. The final
chapter revises commonly held notions about Russian dominance of
the region, arguing that Russia's influence was limited to the
railway zone. Taken together, these chapters not only provide an
overview of a territory undergoing rapid and sustained change, but
also provide insights into wider Chinese history, as well as adding
to the on-going scholarly interest in border and frontier studies.
In this book the authors offer their unique perspectives on the
important roles Chinese students and intellectuals played in the
shaping of the twentieth-century China. Their answers to these
pivotal questions explore new nationalistic spirit, modern
world-views, and willingness of self-sacrifice, which had
attributed to the spontaneous actions of the students as a "New
Culture" emerged during the May Fourth Movement. These articles
show how China nurtured these spontaneous student movements, even
though the Nationalist Party in the Republic of China and the
Communist Party in the People's Republic had exerted tight control
over schools. Both governments established organizations as well as
operations among students that effectively turned some of the
student movements into a political instrument by the parties for
their own agenda.
There are some serious concerns and critical questions about the
on-going minority protesting in China, such as Tibetan monks'
self-immolations, Muslims' suicide bombings, and Uyghur large-scale
demonstrations. Why are minorities such as the Uyghur dissatisfied,
when China is rising as a world power? What kind of struggle must
they go through to maintain their identity, heritage, and rights?
How does the government deal with this ethnic dissatisfaction and
minority riots? And what is ethnic China's future in the 21st
century? Ethnic China examines these issues from the perspective of
Chinese-American scholars from fields such as economics, political
science, criminal justice, law, anthropology, sociology, and
education. The contributors introduce and explore the theory and
practice of policy patterns, political systems, and social
institutions by identifying key issues in Chinese government,
society, and ethnic community contained within the larger framework
of the international sphere.Their endeavors move beyond the
existing scholarship and seek to spark new debates and proposed
solutions while reflecting on established schools of history,
religion, linguistics, and gender studies.
Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Modern China collects essays from
the scholars in their fields and examines the ongoing corruption in
China by addressing this important topic from a historical
perspective through a cooperative interdisciplinary research effort
among Chinese-American scholars interested in the subject. Their
scholarship makes a significant contribution through multi-faceted
components from different fields such as history, economics,
political science, criminal justice, and popular culture. The
authors introduce and explore the theory and practice of policy
patterns, political systems, and social institutions by identifying
key issues in Chinese government and society contained within the
larger framework of the international sphere. This book describes a
historical transition when the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
maintained its forceful control of cities while the middle class
reluctantly sacrificed its rights in exchange for retaining their
economic benefits. To survive market economy, the party leadership
became more flexible and was able to adapt to economic and social
change. The CCP governments in our research responded to the rising
demands and expectations of the society. They were willing and able
to cope with the middle class by making a few compromises and
following certain legal procedures in exchange for continuing
political support. These practical comprises characterized a new
political culture in PRC history since 1949. The book voices the
complaints and resentments in the cities, and interprets government
policies and legal practices. It emphasizes the consequence for
governance, human rights, and commercial rule of law, all of which
threatens the legitimacy of the CCP. It also suggests an important
evolution of the CCP. The reform movement since the 1980s has not
yet contributed significantly to the country's democratic
transformation or to its social stability. The leaders in the 1990s
focused on liberal economic reform while discouraging and even
stifling political reform. As a result, economic interest groups
successfully established an alliance with CCP officials to control
economic policy-making and to share political governance. In the
2010s, Chinese leaders have paid special attention to political
scandals, corruption, and mismanagement in the government and in
the Party.
There are some serious concerns and critical questions about the
on-going minority protesting in China, such as Tibetan monks'
self-immolations, Muslims' suicide bombings, and Uyghur large-scale
demonstrations. Why are minorities such as the Uyghur dissatisfied,
when China is rising as a world power? What kind of struggle must
they go through to maintain their identity, heritage, and rights?
How does the government deal with this ethnic dissatisfaction and
minority riots? And what is ethnic China's future in the 21st
century? Ethnic China examines these issues from the perspective of
Chinese-American scholars from fields such as economics, political
science, criminal justice, law, anthropology, sociology, and
education. The contributors introduce and explore the theory and
practice of policy patterns, political systems, and social
institutions by identifying key issues in Chinese government,
society, and ethnic community contained within the larger framework
of the international sphere.Their endeavors move beyond the
existing scholarship and seek to spark new debates and proposed
solutions while reflecting on established schools of history,
religion, linguistics, and gender studies.
Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) has been both hailed as China's George
Washington for his role in the country's transition from empire to
republic and condemned as a counter-revolutionary. Yuan Shikai: A
Reappraisal sheds new light on the controversial history of this
talented administrator and modernizer who endeavoured to establish
a new dynasty while serving as the first president of the republic,
eventually declaring himself emperor. Drawing on untapped primary
sources and recent scholarship, Patrick Fuliang Shan offers a
lucid, comprehensive, and critical new interpretation of Yuan's
part in shaping modern China.
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