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Multiculturalism has become a political touchstone in many
countries around the world. While many of those on the right oppose
it, and many of those on the left embrace it, things are not this
simple. For those who defend them, multicultural policies are
generally seen as key to the fair and successful integration of
minorities, many of whom are immigrants, into diverse democratic
societies. For those who oppose multiculturalism, who have become
part of the so-called "backlash" against multiculturalism, they are
charged with generating segregation rather than inclusion,
undermining national cultures, reinforcing difference, and
privileging minority groups. Around the world, we see failing
attempts at migrant integration, persistent religious intolerance
and racial and ethnic discrimination, resurgent national
minorities, emboldened majorities, permanent minorities, continuing
social isolation, and increasing extremism, including in the form
of white nationalism. But is multiculturalism the solution to these
problems or does it just make them worse? In this for-and-against
book, two prominent scholars of multiculturalism put forward
different answers to this important question. While Patti Tamara
Lenard argues for minority rights as both the consequence of a
right to culture and a way to redress the effects of
nation-building, Peter Balint rejects minority rights altogether,
instead arguing for a re-imagined liberal neutrality. This
theoretical disagreement plays out in real-world policy
disagreement. Lenard, for example, argues strongly in favor of
exemptions from general rules for minority cultures including the
right of Sikhs to be exempt from helmet laws, and for Jews and
Muslims to be exempt from bans on male circumcision. She also
defends the right of minority cultures to have government-supported
separate spaces. Balint, on the other hand, argues directly against
these types of exemptions and government support. He is opposed to
any form of differentiation based on culture, religion, or
ethnicity. The book uses a wide range of real-world examples to
demonstrate their significant theoretical disagreement, and to
recommend very different policy proposals.
Multiculturalism has become a political touchstone in many
countries around the world. While many of those on the right oppose
it, and many of those on the left embrace it, things are not this
simple. For those who defend them, multicultural policies are
generally seen as key to the fair and successful integration of
minorities, many of whom are immigrants, into diverse democratic
societies. For those who oppose multiculturalism, who have become
part of the so-called "backlash" against multiculturalism, they are
charged with generating segregation rather than inclusion,
undermining national cultures, reinforcing difference, and
privileging minority groups. Around the world, we see failing
attempts at migrant integration, persistent religious intolerance
and racial and ethnic discrimination, resurgent national
minorities, emboldened majorities, permanent minorities, continuing
social isolation, and increasing extremism, including in the form
of white nationalism. But is multiculturalism the solution to these
problems or does it just make them worse? In this for-and-against
book, two prominent scholars of multiculturalism put forward
different answers to this important question. While Patti Tamara
Lenard argues for minority rights as both the consequence of a
right to culture and a way to redress the effects of
nation-building, Peter Balint rejects minority rights altogether,
instead arguing for a re-imagined liberal neutrality. This
theoretical disagreement plays out in real-world policy
disagreement. Lenard, for example, argues strongly in favor of
exemptions from general rules for minority cultures including the
right of Sikhs to be exempt from helmet laws, and for Jews and
Muslims to be exempt from bans on male circumcision. She also
defends the right of minority cultures to have government-supported
separate spaces. Balint, on the other hand, argues directly against
these types of exemptions and government support. He is opposed to
any form of differentiation based on culture, religion, or
ethnicity. The book uses a wide range of real-world examples to
demonstrate their significant theoretical disagreement, and to
recommend very different policy proposals.
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Democracy and Exclusion
Patti Tamara Lenard
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As people become more mobile around the world, the nature of
citizenship, and all its attendant rights, has become the object of
intense scrutiny. And, as we know, democracies forcefully and
coercively exclude those whom they believe do not belong on their
territory or among their constituency. In Democracy and Exclusion,
Patti Tamara Lenard looks at how and when democracies exclude both
citizens and noncitizens from territory and from membership to
determine if and when there are instances when such exclusion is
justified. To make her case, Lenard draws on the all-subjected
principle, or the idea that all those who are the subject of
law—that is, those who are required to abide by the law and who
are subject to coercion if they do not do so voluntarily—should
have a say in what the law is. If we assess who is subjected to the
power of a state at any particular moment, and especially over
time, we can see who ought to be treated as a member and therefore
be granted citizenship or the right to stay. With an in-depth look
at instances in which democratic states have expanded or adopted
policies that permit the exclusion of citizens—including
denationalization, stateless peoples, labor migrants, returning
foreign fighters, and LGBTQ+ refugee resettlement—Lenard argues
that admission to territory and membership is either favored by, or
required by, democratic justice. Democracy and Exclusion makes a
powerful case that subjection to the power of a state, without
proper protection from exclusion, is a violation of democratic
principle.
Explores the moral dilemmas posed by disparities in health across
nations Contributors to this volume considers whether health
inequalities are a result of global distributive inequalities and
are therefore of concern to those promoting global redistributive
justice.Case studies include The migration of health care
practitioners from developing to developed nations The impact of
climate change The social determinants of health outcomes The
effects of pharmaceutical legislation--and international bad
practices more generally--on securing access to life-saving drugs
in the developing world The differential effect of these practices
on men and women, especially with respect to HIV/AIDS These cases
are explored alongside theoretical questions of definition,
responsibility and moral relevance to discover the scope of
responsibilities that developed nations have towards poor health in
developing nations.
Banning minarets by referendum in Switzerland, publicly burning
Korans in the United States, prohibiting kirpans in public spaces
in Canada--these are all examples of the rising backlash against
diversity that is spreading across multicultural societies. Trust
has always been precarious, and never more so than as a result of
increased immigration. The number of religions, races, ethnicities,
and cultures living together in democratic communities and governed
by shared political institutions is rising. The failure to
construct public policy to cope with this diversity--to ensure that
trust can withstand the pressure that diversity can pose--is a
failure of democracy. The threat to trust originates in the
perception that the values and norms that should underpin a public
culture are no longer truly shared. Therefore, societies must focus
on building trust through a revitalized public culture. In Trust,
Democracy, and Multicultural Challenges, Patti Tamara Lenard plots
a course for this revitalization. She argues that trust is at the
center of effective democratic politics, that increasing
ethnocultural diversity as a result of immigration may generate
distrust, and therefore that democratic communities must work to
generate the conditions under which trust between newcomers and
"native" citizens can be built, so that the quality of democracy is
sustained.
Explores the moral dilemmas posed by disparities in health across
nations
Contributors to this volume considers whether health inequalities
are a result of global distributive inequalities and are therefore
of concern to those promoting global redistributive justice.
Case studies include
The migration of health care practitioners from developing to
developed nations
The impact of climate change
The social determinants of health outcomes
The effects of pharmaceutical legislation--and international bad
practices more generally--on securing access to life-saving drugs
in the developing world
The differential effect of these practices on men and women,
especially with respect to HIV/AIDS
These cases are explored alongside theoretical questions of
definition, responsibility and moral relevance to discover the
scope of responsibilities that developed nations have towards poor
health in developing nations.
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