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Since the first heroic and largely spontaneous acts precipitated
the end of the Cold War, Europe has been transformed in a truly
remarkable and wholly unforeseen manner: Germany has been unified,
the Warsaw Pact has collapsed, and the Soviet Union has
disintegrated, leaving in its wake many new independent states.
These momentous events have taken place so rapidly and often in
such confused circumstances that their full meaning has barely been
comprehended let alone assimilated. A clearer and deeper
appreciation of the forces and processes unleashed by the recent
changes is vitally important, however, to meet the challenges and
exploit the opportunities that now present themselves in Europe.
This volume, therefore, is intended to promote wider understanding
of the key issues, and it represents the most comprehensive
assessment to date of the new Germany and the new Europe. The
volume begins with detailed accounts by U.S. and German scholars of
how unification came about and the resulting changes to the
political economy, security policy, and foreign relations. A
complementary section discusses the implications for the rest of
Europe as well as Japan. While the focus of the book is on the new
Germany, two separate chapters provide specific designs for a new
adoption of a general system of cooperative security.
This book, first published in 1985, analyses the factors that have
shaped the militarization of space. By examining in great detail
the determinants of U.S. policy, it explains why for over 25 years
space did not become the scene of an arms race, and why this began
to change in the late 1970s. Both superpowers did, however, develop
a limited anti-satellite capability in the 1960s, and these
programmes are also discussed.
This book, first published in 1985, analyses the factors that have
shaped the militarization of space. By examining in great detail
the determinants of U.S. policy, it explains why for over 25 years
space did not become the scene of an arms race, and why this began
to change in the late 1970s. Both superpowers did, however, develop
a limited anti-satellite capability in the 1960s, and these
programmes are also discussed.
America finds itself in an acute predicament: The international
order it has helped construct over many decades is under increasing
stress from various quarters. As the world's predominant military
power and principal guarantor of global peace and security, the
United States must fulfill its many responsibilities without
becoming entangled in costly conflicts that threaten its security,
deplete its national power, and weaken its international standing.
Preventive Engagement proposes a long-term strategy for how the
United States can manage the risks of a more turbulent world in a
way that lessens the demand for--and potential drain on--U.S.
power. Its novel approach adapts the basic techniques used to
prevent many societal problems, such as infectious diseases,
violent crime, and drug trafficking. Preventive engagement has
three complementary components: the promotion of policies known to
lower the risk of violent conflict and political instability; the
anticipation of crises most likely to precipitate major U.S.
military engagement; and a concerted effort to mitigate if not
resolve conflicts that erupt in the short term before escalating
into a threat to U.S. interests. This comprehensive approach
stresses early detection and foresight to actively manage sources
of conflict. Using examples from Syria, Ukraine, and the South
China Sea, Preventive Engagement shows its strategy in practice and
illuminates the role that international actors, including NGOs, the
United Nations, regional organizations, and private businesses, can
play to further U.S. preventive goals.
The United States faces an increasingly turbulent world. The risk
of violent conflict and other threats to international order
presents a vexing dilemma: should the United States remain the
principal guarantor of global peace and security with all its
considerable commitments and potential pitfalls--not least new and
costly military entanglements--that over time diminish its capacity
and commitment to play this vital role or, alternatively, should it
pull back from the world in the interests of conserving U.S. power,
but at the possible cost of even greater threats emerging in the
future? Paul B. Stares proposes an innovative and timely
strategy-"preventive engagement"-to resolve America's predicament.
This approach entails pursuing three complementary courses of
action: promoting policies known to lessen the risk of violent
conflict over the long term; anticipating and averting those crises
likely to lead to costly military commitments in the medium term;
and managing ongoing conflicts in the short term before they
escalate further and exert pressure on the United States to
intervene. In each of these efforts, forging "preventive
partnerships" with a variety of international actors, including the
United Nations, regional organizations, nongovernmental
organizations, and the business community, is essential. The need
to think and act ahead that lies at the heart of a preventive
engagement strategy requires the United States to become less
shortsighted and reactive. Drawing on successful strategies in
other areas, Preventive Engagement provides a detailed and
comprehensive blueprint for the United States to shape the future
and reduce the potential dangers ahead.
The market for illicit drugs is expanding inexorably around the
world. More kinds of drugs are becoming more available in more
places than ever before. But the drug trade is not only growing, it
is changing in character. It has ceased to be a marginal area of
criminal activity and has now become a major global enterprise
controlled by formidable interests that threaten much more than the
health of drug users. Global retail sales of illicit drugs are
estimated at between $180 billion and more than $300 billion
annually, thus ranking as one of the world's biggest commercial
activities. Moreover, the immense wealth that has been amassed from
selling drugs has given the principal trafficking organizations
enormous power to corrupt and intimidate public officials and
government institutions. In this major book, Paul Stares presents a
compelling portrait of the global drug market and the consequences
of this international plague. He explains that there are good
reasons to fear that the global market for drugs will continue to
expand in the coming years: profits to the traffickers are huge;
the revolutionary advances in communications, transportation, and
information technology facilitate smuggling, as do the lowering of
border controls and trade tariffs and the trends toward
privatization and deregulation. Meanwhile, the expanded volume of
global trade, travel, and financial transactions makes it harder
for customs and police authorities to detect and stop illicit
activities. Added to the growing incentives and opportunities to
supply illicit drugs, the level of demand is increasing in many new
areas of the world, particularly in formerly communist countries
and many areas of the developingworld. What can done about this
growing problem? One option is legalization, but Stares contends
that its implementation would be problematic while its benefits
remain unclear. Yet, continuing on the present course will not work
either. Stares argues that reducing both the supply and demand for
illicit drugs requires a fundamental shift away from the current
overwhelming emphasis on negative sanctions to deter and deny their
production, trafficking, and consumption. Instead, he calls for
more positive control measures that primarily rely on persuasion
and cooperation. He advocates the creation of a global drug
monitoring and evaluation network, a global drug use prevention
program, a global drug treatment training program, and an
international drug crisis response program. According to Stares,
the effectiveness of reorienting drug control policy to curb the
global habit will ultimately depend on the international
community's willingness to address much larger concerns to which
the drug problem is inextricably linked-- including overpopulation,
environmental degradation, poverty, illiteracy, ethnic strife, and
disease. Only by recognizing the fundamental relationship between
these larger issues and the global drug problem can meaningful
progress be made. Selected by Choice as an Outstanding Book for
1996
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