This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination, SPICE 2016, held in Dublin, Ireland, in June 2016. The 28 full papers presented together with 5 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 52 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: SPI in regulated and safety critical domains; gamification and education issues in SPI; SPI in agile and small settings; SPI and assessment; SPI and project management concerns; empirical research case studies of SPI; knowledge and human communications issues in SPI.