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For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely
related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful
information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure,
and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these
spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic
properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our
knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume
collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study
Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena:
Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice,
Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI
covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level
and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a
large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to
the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI
was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can
be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of
core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena;
and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in
applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three
groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental
measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were
covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical
treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena
help to establish a framework for understanding many of the
experimental measurements on magnetic materials.
For several years, core level spectroscopies and other, c\osely
related, electron spectroscopies have provided very useful
information about the atomic composition, the geometric structure,
and the electronic structure of condensed matter. Recently, these
spectroscopies have also been used for the study of magnetic
properties; such studies have a great potential to extend our
knowledge and understanding of magnetic systems. This volume
collects the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study
Institute on "Core Level Spectroscopies for Magnetic Phenomena:
Theory and Experiment" held at the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice,
Sicily, on 15 to 26 May 1994. The topics considered at the ASI
covered a wide range of subjects involving the use of core-level
and related spectroscopies to study magnetic phenomena. There are a
large and growing number of applications of these spectroscopies to
the study of magnetic materials; an important objective of the ASI
was to stimulate further growth. The topics covered at the ASI can
be placed into three general groups: 1) fundamental principles of
core level spectroscopies; 2) basic aspects of magnetic phenomena;
and, 3) the combination of the two previous topics embodied in
applications of the spectroscopies to magnetism. In all three
groups, theoretical interpretations as weH as experimental
measurements were presented, often both of these aspects were
covered in a single lecture or series oflectures. The theoretical
treatments ofthe spectroscopies as weH as of the magnetic phenomena
help to establish a framework for understanding many of the
experimental measurements on magnetic materials.
It is widely recognized that an understanding of the physical and
chemical properties of clusters will give a great deal of important
information relevant to surface and bulk properties of condensed
matter. This relevance of clusters for condensed matter is one of
the major motivations for the study of atomic and molecular
clusters. The changes of properties with cluster size, from small
clusters containing only a few atoms to large clusters containing
tens of thousands of atoms, provides a unique way to understand and
to control the development of bulk properties as separated units
are brought together to form an extended system. Another important
use of clusters is as theoretical models of surfaces and bulk
materials. The electronic wavefunctions for these cluster models
have special advantages for understanding, in particular, the local
properties of condensed matter. The cluster wavefunctions, obtained
with molecular orbital theory, make it possible to relate chemical
concepts developed to describe chemical bonds in molecules to the
very closely related chemical bonding at the surface and in the
bulk of condensed matter. The applications of clusters to phenomena
in condensed matter is a cross-disciplinary activity which requires
the interaction and collaboration of researchers in traditionally
separate areas. For example, it is necessary to bring together
workers whose background and expertise is molecular chemistry with
those whose background is solid state physics. It is also necessary
to bring together experimentalists and theoreticians.
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