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Why have Africans not gained a more dominant position in urban
manufacturing in Kenya? This question is explored through an
analysis of the institutions, both formal and informal, that have
affected patterns of capital accumulation in Kenya by the African
and Asian (Indian) communities. Using a new institutional economics
approach, this book explores the history of economic activity
through the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods,
including the transformative period of British rule. During the
colonial period, Asians were brought in to build the railways and
subsequently focused on urban-based activities. Africans,
meanwhile, found it difficult to move out of agriculture. Thus, the
ethnic-sectoral division of activities was entrenched by the formal
laws and powers of the British. Following independence, the network
and financial capital that Asians had built up allowed them to
survive early attempts at the Africanization of industry. Africans,
now supported by the formal institutions of the state, still found
it difficult to engage in manufacturing because they lacked the
informal networks that support trade and credit. The analysis is
supported by the results of a contemporary survey of 120
manufacturing firms in Nairobi's metal sector that highlight the
division between smaller African firms and larger Asian ones.
Why have Africans not gained a more dominant position in urban
manufacturing in Kenya? This question is explored through an
analysis of the institutions, both formal and informal, that have
affected patterns of capital accumulation in Kenya by the African
and Asian (Indian) communities. Using a new institutional economics
approach, this book explores the history of economic activity
through the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods,
including the transformative period of British rule. During the
colonial period, Asians were brought in to build the railways and
subsequently focused on urban-based activities. Africans,
meanwhile, found it difficult to move out of agriculture. Thus, the
ethnic-sectoral division of activities was entrenched by the formal
laws and powers of the British. Following independence, the network
and financial capital that Asians had built up allowed them to
survive early attempts at the Africanization of industry. Africans,
now supported by the formal institutions of the state, still found
it difficult to engage in manufacturing because they lacked the
informal networks that support trade and credit. The analysis is
supported by the results of a contemporary survey of 120
manufacturing firms in Nairobi's metal sector that highlight the
division between smaller African firms and larger Asian ones.
The growth model of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been
based on high investment and exports, a low-cost advantage, and
government interventions. This model has successfully transformed
the country from a low-income to an upper middle-income economy.
However, the model has generated contradictions that could
undermine future growth. Making the transition to high income
requires greater reliance on efficiency, productivity, innovation,
and market competition.This book examines the challenges faced by
the PRC in sustaining robust growth and offers policy options for
making a successful transition to high income while avoiding the
middle-income trap. Chapters focus on all aspects of the PRC's
economy including: the growth model, the role of government,
industrial upgrading, the financial sector, fiscal management,
human capital, the services sector, urbanization, labor market
transitions, aging and the pension system, income inequality,
managing external economic relations, and water scarcity. Policy
analysts, researchers, academics, and students interested in the
growth and development prospects of the PRC will find this book
invaluable, as will practitioners and policymakers in government
agencies and international organizations. Contributors: L. Brandt,
F. Cai, J. Huang, Y. Huang, K. Jia, Y. Jiang, X. Lei, L. Li, J.
Liu, Y.F. Lommen, N. Lustig, J. Ros, L. Song, P. Vandenberg, G.
Wan, M. Wang, W.T. Woo, L. R.Wray, J. Xu, Y. Yao, C. Zhang, Y.
Zhao, J.Zhuang
This report examines Singapore's vibrant technology-based startup
ecosystem and identifies key lessons that can inform the efforts of
Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand to nurture and develop their tech
startups. Technology-based startup enterprises are an increasingly
important part of the business landscape in Asia and the Pacific.
By applying innovative technologies to create new products and
services, they can make a significant contribution to economic
development while generating social and environmental benefits.
However, to survive and then thrive, tech startups require an
enabling ecosystem that includes supportive government policy,
access to capital, skilled personnel, quality digital
infrastructure and other elements. The report focuses on four key
sectors: agriculture, education, health, and the environment. It is
the second country report in the series "Ecosystems for Technology
Startups in Asia and the Pacific.
This report assesses the current ecosystem for tech-based startups
in Cambodia, focusing on agriculture, education, health, and
climate change. It discusses the challenges facing tech startups
and provides recommendations to overcome them. Technology-based
startup enterprises are an increasingly important part of the
business landscape in Asia and the Pacific. By applying innovative
technologies to create new products and services, they can make a
significant contribution to economic development while generating
social and environmental benefits. However, to survive and then
thrive, tech startups require an enabling ecosystem that includes
supportive government policy, access to capital, skilled personnel,
quality digital infrastructure and other elements. It is the first
country report in the series "Ecosystems for Technology Startups in
Asia and the Pacific.
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