Why have Africans not gained a more dominant position in urban manufacturing in Kenya? This question is explored through an analysis of the institutions, both formal and informal, that have affected patterns of capital accumulation in Kenya by the African and Asian (Indian) communities. Using a new institutional economics approach, this book explores the history of economic activity through the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods, including the transformative period of British rule. During the colonial period, Asians were brought in to build the railways and subsequently focused on urban-based activities. Africans, meanwhile, found it difficult to move out of agriculture. Thus, the ethnic-sectoral division of activities was entrenched by the formal laws and powers of the British. Following independence, the network and financial capital that Asians had built up allowed them to survive early attempts at the Africanization of industry. Africans, now supported by the formal institutions of the state, still found it difficult to engage in manufacturing because they lacked the informal networks that support trade and credit. The analysis is supported by the results of a contemporary survey of 120 manufacturing firms in Nairobi's metal sector that highlight the division between smaller African firms and larger Asian ones.

Why have Africans not gained a more dominant position in urban manufacturing in Kenya? This question is explored through an analysis of the institutions, both formal and informal, that have affected patterns of capital accumulation in Kenya by the African and Asian (Indian) communities. Using a new institutional economics approach, this book explores the history of economic activity through the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods, including the transformative period of British rule. During the colonial period, Asians were brought in to build the railways and subsequently focused on urban-based activities. Africans, meanwhile, found it difficult to move out of agriculture. Thus, the ethnic-sectoral division of activities was entrenched by the formal laws and powers of the British. Following independence, the network and financial capital that Asians had built up allowed them to survive early attempts at the Africanization of industry. Africans, now supported by the formal institutions of the state, still found it difficult to engage in manufacturing because they lacked the informal networks that support trade and credit. The analysis is supported by the results of a contemporary survey of 120 manufacturing firms in Nairobi's metal sector that highlight the division between smaller African firms and larger Asian ones.

The growth model of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been based on high investment and exports, a low-cost advantage, and government interventions. This model has successfully transformed the country from a low-income to an upper middle-income economy. However, the model has generated contradictions that could undermine future growth. Making the transition to high income requires greater reliance on efficiency, productivity, innovation, and market competition.This book examines the challenges faced by the PRC in sustaining robust growth and offers policy options for making a successful transition to high income while avoiding the middle-income trap. Chapters focus on all aspects of the PRC's economy including: the growth model, the role of government, industrial upgrading, the financial sector, fiscal management, human capital, the services sector, urbanization, labor market transitions, aging and the pension system, income inequality, managing external economic relations, and water scarcity. Policy analysts, researchers, academics, and students interested in the growth and development prospects of the PRC will find this book invaluable, as will practitioners and policymakers in government agencies and international organizations. Contributors: L. Brandt, F. Cai, J. Huang, Y. Huang, K. Jia, Y. Jiang, X. Lei, L. Li, J. Liu, Y.F. Lommen, N. Lustig, J. Ros, L. Song, P. Vandenberg, G. Wan, M. Wang, W.T. Woo, L. R.Wray, J. Xu, Y. Yao, C. Zhang, Y. Zhao, J.Zhuang

This report assesses the current ecosystem for tech-based startups in Cambodia, focusing on agriculture, education, health, and climate change. It discusses the challenges facing tech startups and provides recommendations to overcome them. Technology-based startup enterprises are an increasingly important part of the business landscape in Asia and the Pacific. By applying innovative technologies to create new products and services, they can make a significant contribution to economic development while generating social and environmental benefits. However, to survive and then thrive, tech startups require an enabling ecosystem that includes supportive government policy, access to capital, skilled personnel, quality digital infrastructure and other elements. It is the first country report in the series "Ecosystems for Technology Startups in Asia and the Pacific.

This report examines Singapore's vibrant technology-based startup ecosystem and identifies key lessons that can inform the efforts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand to nurture and develop their tech startups. Technology-based startup enterprises are an increasingly important part of the business landscape in Asia and the Pacific. By applying innovative technologies to create new products and services, they can make a significant contribution to economic development while generating social and environmental benefits. However, to survive and then thrive, tech startups require an enabling ecosystem that includes supportive government policy, access to capital, skilled personnel, quality digital infrastructure and other elements. The report focuses on four key sectors: agriculture, education, health, and the environment. It is the second country report in the series "Ecosystems for Technology Startups in Asia and the Pacific.