Even as malnutrition in the form of hunger and obesity affect the health and well-being of millions of people worldwide, a significant amount of food is lost or wasted every day, in every country, and at every stage in the supply chain from the farm to the household. According to a 2011 estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), about one-third of food produced is lost or wasted globally. Beyond quantity estimates, however, less is known about the impacts on farmers, food prices, food availability, and environment of reducing food loss and waste. On October 17, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a workshop to examine key challenges that arise in reducing food loss and waste throughout the supply chain and discussed potential ways to address these challenges. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Metrics for Understanding Food Loss and Waste 3 Impact of E-Commerce, New Tools, Policies, and Measures 4 Impacts of Reducing Food Loss and Waste on Food Availability 5 Impacts of Reducing Food Loss and Waste on Food Prices and Farm Incomes 6 Impacts of Food Loss and Waste on the Environment and Health 7 Future Needs and Opportunities Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographies of Speakers and Moderators Appendix C: Workshop Participants Appendix D: Descriptions of Selected Activities Related to Reducing Food Loss and Waste

Women in the United States and Kuwait have made advances as researchers and leaders in science, engineering, and medical disciplines, yet challenges and barriers remain to enter and advance in these fields in both countries. Building on recent collaborations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences agreed on convening two workshops to identify evidence-based practices and resources for improving the inclusion of women as full participants in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion from the first workshop, held October 28-29, 2019, in Washington, D.C. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Challenges and Barriers Facing Women to Enter and Thrive 3 Evidence of Effective Programs, Practices, and Models for Recruiting Women 4 Curricula Structure and How It Affects the Attrition of Women in STEM in the United States, Kuwait, and the Arab World Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographies of Planning Committee Members Appendix C: Biographies of Speakers Appendix D: Workshop Discussants

As the public health threat of childhood obesity has become clear, the issue has become the focus of local, state, and national initiatives. Many of these efforts are centered on the community environment in recognition of the role of environmental factors in individual behaviors related to food and physical activity. In many communities, for example, fresh produce is not available or affordable, streets and parks are not amenable to exercise, and policies and economic choices make fast food cheaper and more convenient than healthier alternatives. Community efforts to combat obesity vary in scope and scale; overall, however, they remain fragmented, and little is known about their effectiveness. At the local level, communities are struggling to determine which obesity prevention programs to initiate and how to evaluate their impact. In this context, the Institute of Medicine held two workshops to inform current work on obesity prevention in children through input from individuals who are actively engaged in community- and policy-based obesity prevention programs. Community perspectives were elicited on the challenges involved in undertaking policy and programmatic interventions aimed at preventing childhood obesity, and on approaches to program implementation and evaluation that have shown promise. Highlights of the workshop presentations and discussions are presented in this volume. Table of Contents Front Matter SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP--June 2008 1 Introduction 2 Perspectives of Evaluators 3 Perspectives of Site Leaders References SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP 2--May 2009 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Community-Based Programs: How Does Information Help Them Achieve Their Goals? 6 Research and Advocacy Groups: How Does Evidence Inform Policy? 7 Decision Makers: How Do Community Perspectives Influence Policy? 8 Closing Remarks References Appendix A: Workshop Agendas Appendix B: Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Workshop Attendees

In the fall of 1862 Julia Wilbur left her family's farm near Rochester, New York, and boarded a train to Washington DC. As an ardent abolitionist, the forty-seven-year-old Wilbur left a sad but stable life, headed toward the chaos of the Civil War, and spent most of the next several years in Alexandria devising ways to aid recently escaped slaves and hospitalized Union soldiers. A Civil Life in an Uncivil Time shapes Wilbur's diaries and other primary sources into a historical narrative sending the reader back 150 years to understand a woman who was alternately brave, self-pitying, foresighted, petty - and all too human. Paula Tarnapol Whitacre describes Wilbur's experiences against the backdrop of Alexandria, Virginia, a southern town held by the Union from 1861 to 1865; of Washington DC, where Wilbur became active in the women's suffrage movement and lived until her death in 1895; and of Rochester, New York, a hotbed of social reform and home to Wilbur's acquaintances Frederick Douglass and Susan B. Anthony. In this second chapter of her life, Wilbur persisted in two things: improving conditions for African Americans who had escaped from slavery and creating a meaningful life for herself. A Civil Life in an Uncivil Time is the captivating story of a woman who remade herself at midlife during a period of massive social upheaval and change.

Both the United Kingdom and the United States are grappling with nationwide epidemics of obesity. Obesity contributes to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers, among other diseases. Although many people are aware of obesity's causes and consequences, few see it as a problem for their own families-despite clinical evidence to the contrary. Given this disconnect between perception and reality, policy makers in both countries struggle to find a way to reach people to encourage change. The IOM brought together policy makers from the U.K. and U.S. for a workshop on October 22, 2009, to discuss the challenges of and promising approaches to the struggle against obesity. Presenters spoke about current policies, programs, and partnerships that are addressing the obesity epidemic and evidence for effective strategies to change perception and behaviors. The workshop, summarized in this document, provided an opportunity for both countries to learn from each other's efforts and to consider how to apply new strategies at home. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Scope of the Problem 3 Government Structures to Address Obesity 4 School Meal Policies 5 Physical Activity and the Built Environment 6 National Policies and Programs 7 Local Policies and Programs 8 Concluding Remarks References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: List of Participants Appendix C: Planning Committee Biosketches Appendix D: Speaker Biosketches