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Existing structures represent a heterogeneous category in the
global built environment as often characterized by the presence of
archaic materials, damage and disconnections, uncommon construction
techniques and subsequent interventions throughout the building
history. In this scenario, the common linear elastic analysis
approach adopted for new buildings is incapable of an accurate
estimation of structural capacity, leading to overconservative
results, invasive structural strengthening, added intervention
costs, excessive interference to building users and possible losses
in terms of aesthetics or heritage values. For a rational and
sustainable use of the resources, this book deals with advanced
numerical simulations, adopting a practical approach to introduce
the fundamentals of Finite Element Method, nonlinear solution
procedures and constitutive material models. Recommended material
properties for masonry, timber, reinforced concrete, iron and steel
are discussed according to experimental evidence, building
standards and codes of practice. The examples examined throughout
the book and in the conclusive chapter support the analyst's
decision-making process toward a safe and efficient use of finite
element analysis. Written primarily for practicing engineers, the
book is of value to students in engineering and technical
architecture with solid knowledge in the field of continuum
mechanics and structural design.
Conservation in the built environment raises fundamental questions
which have been debated for centuries - what is worth preserving,
how is it possible, why is it important? This book takes a modern
approach to the meaning of a heritage structure and its
conservation. The historical evolution of conservation is briefly
addressed, considering prominent individuals and cases; along with
the history of construction, focusing on materials and related
structural elements, with insight on the sizing rules adopted by
masons. This explains structural decisions made during the
construction process and allows comparison of scientific theories
from the 18th century to modern understanding of limit analysis.
Damage and collapse mechanisms for masonry construction, as the
most widespread structural form for historical buildings, is
described. Excess permanent loading and settlement is
differentiated from environmental and anthropogenic actions such as
earthquake or incorrect intervention. The team of authors brings
together unique expertise, with high level research and leading
practice with archetypical cases from around the world. The book
addresses the history of conservation by exploring materials and
structures and the history of construction and damage, so it is of
value to students and professionals in civil engineering and
architecture, as well as archaeologists and art historians.
Existing structures represent a heterogeneous category in the
global built environment as often characterized by the presence of
archaic materials, damage and disconnections, uncommon construction
techniques and subsequent interventions throughout the building
history. In this scenario, the common linear elastic analysis
approach adopted for new buildings is incapable of an accurate
estimation of structural capacity, leading to overconservative
results, invasive structural strengthening, added intervention
costs, excessive interference to building users and possible losses
in terms of aesthetics or heritage values. For a rational and
sustainable use of the resources, this book deals with advanced
numerical simulations, adopting a practical approach to introduce
the fundamentals of Finite Element Method, nonlinear solution
procedures and constitutive material models. Recommended material
properties for masonry, timber, reinforced concrete, iron and steel
are discussed according to experimental evidence, building
standards and codes of practice. The examples examined throughout
the book and in the conclusive chapter support the analyst's
decision-making process toward a safe and efficient use of finite
element analysis. Written primarily for practicing engineers, the
book is of value to students in engineering and technical
architecture with solid knowledge in the field of continuum
mechanics and structural design.
This volume presents the proceedings of the 18th International
Probabilistic Workshop (IPW), which was held in Guimaraes, Portugal
in May 2021. Probabilistic methods are currently of crucial
importance for research and developments in the field of
engineering, which face challenges presented by new materials and
technologies and rapidly changing societal needs and values.
Contemporary needs related to, for example, performance-based
design, service-life design, life-cycle analysis, product
optimization, assessment of existing structures and structural
robustness give rise to new developments as well as accurate and
practically applicable probabilistic and statistical engineering
methods to support these developments. These proceedings are a
valuable resource for anyone interested in contemporary
developments in the field of probabilistic engineering
applications.
This volume presents the proceedings of the 18th International
Probabilistic Workshop (IPW), which was held in Guimaraes, Portugal
in May 2021. Probabilistic methods are currently of crucial
importance for research and developments in the field of
engineering, which face challenges presented by new materials and
technologies and rapidly changing societal needs and values.
Contemporary needs related to, for example, performance-based
design, service-life design, life-cycle analysis, product
optimization, assessment of existing structures and structural
robustness give rise to new developments as well as accurate and
practically applicable probabilistic and statistical engineering
methods to support these developments. These proceedings are a
valuable resource for anyone interested in contemporary
developments in the field of probabilistic engineering
applications.
Conservation in the built environment raises fundamental questions
which have been debated for centuries - what is worth preserving,
how is it possible, why is it important? This book takes a modern
approach to the meaning of a heritage structure and its
conservation. The historical evolution of conservation is briefly
addressed, considering prominent individuals and cases; along with
the history of construction, focusing on materials and related
structural elements, with insight on the sizing rules adopted by
masons. This explains structural decisions made during the
construction process and allows comparison of scientific theories
from the 18th century to modern understanding of limit analysis.
Damage and collapse mechanisms for masonry construction, as the
most widespread structural form for historical buildings, is
described. Excess permanent loading and settlement is
differentiated from environmental and anthropogenic actions such as
earthquake or incorrect intervention. The team of authors brings
together unique expertise, with high level research and leading
practice with archetypical cases from around the world. The book
addresses the history of conservation by exploring materials and
structures and the history of construction and damage, so it is of
value to students and professionals in civil engineering and
architecture, as well as archaeologists and art historians.
Masonry walls constitute the interface between the building's
interior and the outdoor environment. Masonry walls are
traditionally composed of fired-clay bricks (solid or perforated)
or blocks (concrete or earth-based), but in the past (and even in
the present) they were often associated as needing an extra special
thermal and acoustical insulation layer. However, over more recent
years investigations on thermal and acoustical features has led to
the development of new improved bricks and blocks that no longer
need these insulation layers. Traditional masonry units (fired-clay
bricks, concrete or earth-based blocks) that don't offer improved
performance in terms of thermal and acoustical insulation are a
symbol of a low-technology past, that are far removed from the
demands of sustainable construction. This book provides an
up-to-date state-of-the-art review on the eco-efficiency of masonry
units, particular emphasis is placed on the design, properties,
performance, durability and LCA of these materials. Since masonry
units are also an excellent way to reuse bulk industrial waste the
book will be important in the context of the Revised Waste
Framework Directive 2008/98/EC which states that the minimum reuse
and recycling targets for construction and demolition waste (CDW)
should be at least 70% by 2020. On the 9th of March 2011 the
European Union approved the Regulation (EU) 305/2011, known as the
Construction Products Regulation (CPR) and it will be enforced
after the 1st of July 2013. The future commercialization of
construction materials in Europe makes their environmental
assessment mandatory meaning that more information related to the
environmental performance of building materials is much needed.
Local communities have adapted for centuries to challenging
surroundings, resulting from unforeseen natural hazards. Vernacular
architecture often reveals very intelligent responses attuned to
the environment. Therefore, the question that emerged was: how did
local populations prepare their dwellings to face frequent
earthquakes? It was to respond to this gap in knowledge, that the
SEISMIC-V research project was instigated, and this
interdisciplinary international publication was prepared. The
research revealed the existence of a local seismic culture, in
terms of reactive or preventive seismic resistant measures, able to
survive, if properly maintained, in areas with frequent
earthquakes. The fundamental contribution and aims of the
publication were to enhance: -The disciplinary interest in
vernacular architecture; -Its contribution to risk mitigation in
responding to natural hazards; -To encourage academic and
scientific research collaboration among different disciplines; -To
contribute to the improvement of vernacular dwellings, which half
of the world's population still inhabits nowadays. Fifty
international researchers and experts presented case studies from
Latin America, the Mediterranean, Eastern and Central Asia and the
Himalayas region, with reference to 20 countries, i.e. Algeria,
Bolivia, Bhutan, Chile, China, Egypt, El Salvador, Greece, Haiti,
Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Peru, Romania,
Taiwan, Turkey and a closer detailed analysis of Portugal. This
publication brings together 43 contributions, with new perspectives
on seismic retrofitting techniques and relevant data, addressing
vernacular architecture; an amazing source of knowledge, and to
this day, home to 4 billion people.
Long-Term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures:
Degradation Mechanisms, Health Monitoring and Service Life Design
focuses on the long-term performance of masonry and historical
structures. The book covers a wide range of related topics,
including degradation mechanisms in different masonry types,
structural health monitoring techniques, and long-term performance
and service life design approaches. Each chapter reflects recent
findings and the state-of-the-art, providing practical guidelines.
Key topics covered include the theoretical background, transport
properties, testing and modeling, protective measures and standards
and codes. The book's focus is on individual construction
materials, the composite system and structural performance.
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