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Wastewater treatment plants are large non-linear systems subject to
large perturbations in wastewater flow rate, load and composition.
Nevertheless these plants have to be operated continuously, meeting
stricter and stricter regulations. Many control strategies have
been proposed in the literature for improved and more efficient
operation of wastewater treatment plants. Unfortunately, their
evaluation and comparison - either practical or based on simulation
- is difficult. This is partly due to the variability of the
influent, to the complexity of the biological and biochemical
phenomena and to the large range of time constants (from a few
minutes to several days). The lack of standard evaluation criteria
is also a tremendous disadvantage. To really enhance the acceptance
of innovative control strategies, such an evaluation needs to be
based on a rigorous methodology including a simulation model, plant
layout, controllers, sensors, performance criteria and test
procedures, i.e. a complete benchmarking protocol. This book is a
Scientific and Technical Report produced by the IWA Task Group on
Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants.
The goal of the Task Group includes developing models and
simulation tools that encompass the most typical unit processes
within a wastewater treatment system (primary treatment, activated
sludge, sludge treatment, etc.), as well as tools that will enable
the evaluation of long-term control strategies and monitoring tasks
(i.e. automatic detection of sensor and process faults). Work on
these extensions has been carried out by the Task Group during the
past five years, and the main results are summarized in
Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants.
Besides a description of the final version of the already
well-known Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1), the book
includes the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 Long-Term (BSM1_LT) -
with focus on benchmarking of process monitoring tasks - and the
plant-wide Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 (BSM2). Authors: Krist
V. Gernaey, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Ulf
Jeppsson, Lund University, Sweden, Peter A. Vanrolleghem,
Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada and John B. Copp, Primodal Inc.,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Scientific and Technical Report No. 21 Uncertainty in Wastewater
Treatment Design and Operation aims to facilitate the transition of
the wastewater profession to the probabilistic use of simulators
with the associated benefits of being better able to take advantage
of opportunities and manage risk. There is a paradigm shift taking
place in the design and operation of treatment plants in the water
industry. The market is currently in transition to use modelling
and simulation while still using conventional heuristic guidelines
(safety factors). Key reasons for transition include: wastewater
treatment simulation software advancements; stricter effluent
requirements that cannot be designed for using traditional
approaches, and increased pressure for more efficient designs
(including energy efficiency, green house gas emission control).
There is increasing consensus among wastewater professionals that
the performance of plants and the predictive power of their models
(degree of uncertainty) is a critical component of plant design and
operation. However, models and simulators used by designers and
operators do not incorporate methods for the evaluation of
uncertainty associated with each design. Thus, engineers often
combine safety factors with simulation results in an arbitrary way
based on designer ‘experience’. Furthermore, there is not an
accepted methodology (outside modelling) that translates
uncertainty to assumed opportunity or risk and how it is
distributed among consultants/contractors and owners. Uncertainty
in Wastewater Treatment Design and Operation documents how
uncertainty, opportunity and risk are currently handled in the
wastewater treatment practice by consultants, utilities and
regulators. The book provides a useful set of terms and definitions
relating to uncertainty and promotes an understanding of the issues
and terms involved. It identifies the sources of uncertainty in
different project phases and presents a critical review of the
available methods. Real-world examples are selected to illustrate
where and when sources of uncertainty are introduced and how models
are implemented and used in design projects and in operational
optimisation. Uncertainty in Wastewater Treatment Design and
Operation defines the developments required to provide improved
procedures and tools to implement uncertainty and risk evaluations
in projects. It is a vital reference for utilities, regulators,
consultants, and trained management dealing with certainty,
opportunity and risk in wastewater treatment. Â
Special Offer: Water Framework Directive Series Set Click here to
buy all four titles including Volume 3 and Save GBP100! Decision
Support for Water Framework Directive Implementation: Volume 3 is a
concrete outcome from the Harmoni-CA concerted action as part of a
4-volume series of Guidance Reports that guide water professionals
through the implementation process of the Water Framework
Directive, with a focus on the use of ICT-tools (and in particular
modelling). They are complementary to the Guidance Documents
produced by the EU Directorate General for Environment. Water
resources planning and management and the development of
appropriate policies require methodologies and tools that are able
to support systematic, integrative and multidisciplinary
assessments at various scales. It also requires the quantification
of various uncertainties in both data and models, and the
incorporation of stakeholders participation and institutional
mechanisms into the various tools and risk assessment
methodologies, to help decision makers understand and evaluate
alternative measures and decisions. Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read
and share material related to this title:
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/IntegratedAssessmentforWaterFrameworkDirectiveImplementation
The other three volumes in the Water Framework Directive Series
are: Water Framework Directive: Model supported Implementation - A
Water Manager's Guide edited by Fred Hattermann and Zbigniew W
Kundzewicz Modelling Aspects of Water Framework Directive
Implementation - Volume 1 edited by Prof. Peter A. Vanrolleghem
Integrated Assessment for WFD implementation: Data, economic and
human dimension - Volume 2 edited by Peter A. Vanrolleghem
Special Offer: Water Framework Directive Series Set To buy all four
titles including Volume 3 and save GBP100, visit:
http://www.iwapublishing.com/books/9781780400013/water-framework-directive-series-set
Implementing the comprehensive Water Framework Directive requires a
thorough planning process that consists of several consecutive
steps. The least one can say is that it is a challenging task which
needs appropriate ICT tools that are able to cope with the
complexity of the water system and this planning process.
Integrated assessment, participatory processes and the
science-policy interface are one of the newer elements in this
overall implementation process that have developed greatly thanks
to the WFD. Economic methods, models and instruments are
integrative to the WFD implementation as well, with such concepts
as cost recovery of water resources being central to debate with
stakeholders. Economic valuation of natural resources
(willingness-to-pay, willingness-to-accept, ...) should get
sufficient attention and the human dimension (perception, needs,
wants, values and behaviours) should be incorporated in the
modelling frameworks for decision-making. In the same line there is
also a human dimension to the use of models: how do non-modellers,
such as managers, policy-makers, other stakeholders feel about
models and their use in their day-to-day activities. And finally,
this volume deals with the large issue of data: its quality,
availability and, not to forget, accessibility. And can we use data
both for monitoring purposes (surveillance, operational and
investigative in the WFD context) and for modelling. Is there a
synergy to be found? These tasks, the underlying concepts, methods,
tools and procedures are the subject of this volume. The other
three volumes in the Water Framework Directive Series are: Water
Framework Directive: Model supported Implementation - A Water
Manager's Guide edited by Fred Hattermann and Zbigniew W Kundzewicz
Modelling Aspects of Water Framework Directive Implementation -
Volume 1 edited by Prof. Peter A. Vanrolleghem Decision Support for
WFD implementation - Volume 3, edited by Peter A. Vanrolleghem
Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this
title:
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/IntegratedAssessmentforWaterFrameworkDirectiveImplementation
Special Offer: Water Framework Directive Series Set. To buy all
four titles including Volume 3 and save GBP100, visit:
http://iwapublishing.com/books/9781780400013/water-framework-directive-series-set
Modelling Aspects of Water Framework Directive Implementation:
Volume 1 is a concrete outcome from the Harmoni-CA concerted action
as part of a 4-volume series of Guidance Reports that guide water
professionals through the implementation process of the Water
Framework Directive, with a focus on the use of ICT-tools (and in
particular modelling). They are complementary to the Guidance
Documents produced by the EU Directorate General for Environment.
Water resources planning and management and the development of
appropriate policies require methodologies and tools that are able
to support systematic, integrative and multidisciplinary
assessments at various scales. It also requires the quantification
of various uncertainties in both data and models, and the
incorporation of stakeholders participation and institutional
mechanisms into the various tools and risk assessment
methodologies, to help decision makers understand and evaluate
alternative measures and decisions. The other three volumes in the
Water Framework Directive Series are: Water Framework Directive:
Model supported Implementation - A Water Manager's Guide edited by
Fred Hattermann and Zbigniew W Kundzewicz Integrated Assessment for
WFD implementation: Data, economic and human dimension - Volume 2,
edited by Peter A. Vanrolleghem Decision support for WFD
implementation - Volume 3, edited by Peter A. Vanrolleghem. Visit
the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title:
http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/IntegratedAssessmentforWaterFrameworkDirectiveImplementation
This Report synthesizes the main results obtained throughout the
ADVISOR research project ("Integrated Evaluation for Sustainable
River Basin Governance") funded by the European Commission, under
the - 'Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development' theme of
the 5th Framework Research Programme. The aim of ADVISOR was to
improve the understanding of evaluation processes as part of river
basin planning and management and to provide a framework supported
by a toolkit for the conduct of integrated and participatory
evaluations. The project comprised four work-packages. Work Package
1 examined past water project or plan evaluation cases in five EU
states and drew insights on the problems of past evaluation
practices. Work Package 2 interpreted these past experiences from
different analytical angles leading to a theory for an integrated
evaluation process, emphasising issues of deliberation, multiple
values, quality in the use of information and governance. Work
Package 3 moved from theory to practice. Different tools which
could contribute to integrated evaluation processes were tested in
experimental case applications. These included scenario workshops,
mediated modelling supported by a quality assurance protocol,
social multi-criteria evaluation, cost-effectiveness analyses and
monetary valuation. Work Package 4 aimed at transferring the
experience and lessons learned during the ADVISOR project to policy
makers, contributing especially to the implementation process of
the Water Framework Directive. A guidance document for designing
and implementing Integrated Deliberative Decision Processes (IDDP)
was developed, detailing a step-by-step procedure to achieve
integrated evaluations. The synthesis of the main results achieved
throughout the ADVISOR project is presented in this report in three
parts: Part A sets the stage for the role of integrated evaluations
in river basin planning and management; Part B unfolds the set of
relevant principles and tools developed in the project and Part C
concludes with futures challenges for integrated evaluation
processes.
Environmental quality is becoming an increasing concern in our
society. In that context, waste and wastewater treatment, and more
specifically biological wastewater treatment processes play an
important role. In this book, we concentrate on the mathematical
modelling of these processes. The main purpose is to provide the
increasing number of professionals who are using models to design,
optimise and control wastewater treatment processes with the
necessary background for their activities of model building,
selection and calibration. The book deals specifically with dynamic
models because they allow us to describe the behaviour of treatment
plants under the highly dynamic conditions that we want them to
operate (e.g. Sequencing Batch Reactors) or we have to operate them
(e.g. storm conditions, spills). Further extension is provided to
new reactor systems for which partial differential equation
descriptions are necessary to account for their distributed
parameter nature (e.g. settlers, fixed bed reactors). The model
building exercise is introduced as a step-wise activity that, in
this book, starts from mass balancing principles. In many cases,
different hypotheses and their corresponding models can be proposed
for a particular process. It is therefore essential to be able to
select from these candidate models in an objective manner. To this
end, structure characterisation methods are introduced. Important
sections of the book deal with the collection of high quality data
using optimal experimental design, parameter estimation techniques
for calibration and the on-line use of models in state and
parameter estimators. Contents Dynamical Modelling Dynamical Mass
Balance Model Building and Analysis Structure Characterisation (SC)
Structural Identifiability Practical Identifiability and Optimal
Experiment Design for Parameter Estimation (OED/PE) Estimation of
Model Parameters Recursive State and Parameter Estimation Glossary
Nomenclature
This book deals with the development, application and validation of
techniques for data analysis in view of supervisory control of
cyclic systems, including and integrating aspects of monitoring,
diagnosis and control. Two so far largely separated tools for data
mining of process data are used as a basis for the presented
developments. These are Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and
Qualitative Representation of Trends (QRT). A pilot-scale
sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for wastewater treatment is used as
a case study for the major parts of the work presented. Another
application is pursued regarding the analysis of flow measurement
time series derived from an urban drinking water network.
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