There is much speculation about whether democracy is still advancing around the world and the influence that leading authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regimes such as Russia are starting to have on the trends. This collection assesses global trends in democratisation, reviews the condition of international democracy promotion and enquires into whether serious competition in the form of autocracy promotion is now a major possibility. The influence of international politics on national political regimes is explored in more detail for Russia's resistance to democracy promotion and Russian influence on regimes in Central Asia in particular, along with an Indian perspective on India's reluctance to push for democracy abroad and concerns that democracy promotion itself should be considered more critically if it undermines democratisation in foreign aid-dependent states. The book concludes by briefly addressing the potential significance of the 2011 'Arab spring' for these themes. This book was published as a special issue of Contemporary Politics.

Aid is one of the major issues in development and international relations. Over the last 50 years there have been remarkable changes in our understanding of aid's limits and potentialities as an instrument of economic, social and political change. This important collection brings together major landmark contributions to the analysis, structured around key issues and debates and offers an overview of present understanding. Aid's role in the new global political economy is under intense scrutiny, as analysts, politicians and civil society struggle to reach a consensus on such issues as how much and what kinds of aid to support, to which countries to allocate aid and under what conditions. Equally accessible to economists and non-economists, Foreign Aid in the New Global Economy provides an invaluable reference for anyone with a policy interest in aid, its consequences for international development and the theoretical underpinnings. 32 articles, dating from 1970 to 2001

In Democratization through the Looking-Glass, Peter Burnell provides a revealing image of how our knowledge and understanding of democratization could be improved by viewing the topic through a more multi- disciplinary lens and from the perspective of more broadly based comparative analyses. Burnell and his contributors encourage readers to both "look and think outside of the box," beyond the limited parameters that usually shape the study of democratization. The goal of Democratization through the Looking-Glass is to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of democratization as a process taking many forms rather than just as a political phenomenon. With a viewpoint from a wider multi-disciplinary stance, and broader global geopolitical knowledge base, the contributors hope to get readers to better recognize and address gaps in the political science literature on the subject of democratization. The contributors seek to do this by specifically: explaining what democratization is while also making sense of the wide variety of experiences undergone by different societies at different times going through this very process; anticipating the wider effects of democratization's consequences for all human conditions at all levels; and critically assessing strategies for extending and deepening democracy by improving its positive qualities and chances of being sustained in societies into which it is introduced. This volume takes readers in the direction of predicting and foretelling the future of democracy and democratization with greater accuracy. In all, Democratization through the Looking-Glass provides a wide-ranging review of themes, issues, and topics concisely written by leading experts in their fields while advancing its case for more inclusive comparative studies covering Europe and North America, as well as developing regions, showing precisely how multi-disciplinary approaches enhance a global vision and understanding of democratization.

Democracy is a fine political system, but an expensive economic venture. Political parties and election campaigns cost money. Where does the money come from and at what sacrifice? Issues connected with political finance are significant but often neglected aspects of the process of democratization. Funding Democratization examines how money and politics interact in emerging democracies. The contributors investigate the funding of political parties in early North America, financial uncertainties of party formation in European countries, funding of democratization in new democracies, and the influence of funding on contenders for power. They also address the nature of political competition in countries that are seeking to embrace, often for the first time, the rules of democracy. They question in what ways politicians can help make democracy affordable. The volume compares important democratizing countries, such as Russia, Brazil, South Africa, Spain, and the regions of East Asia and East/Central Europe. It also investigates the lessons that emerging democracies can learn from the history of political finance in today's more established democracies. Funding Democratization will be of interest to political scientists and specialists in international social and political development.

This book offers a critical and comparative examination of international support to political parties and party systems in emerging and prospective new democracies in several world regions. It combines the insights of a strong international grouping of leading academics and pioneering doctoral studies, and draws on extensive new field work inquiries. The wide-ranging coverage pools evidence from countries in Europe and Eurasia, Africa, East Asia and Central America. The book shows how far international support still has to go if it is to achieve its aims of helping party politics make a constructive contribution to furthering democracy. It advances our understanding both of the role the political parties are playing in the different polities and the sometimes negative impact of democracy promotion actors from outside. By contributing original theoretical perspectives and empirical findings, the book points the way forward to agendas for future research and new courses of action. It will be of interest to academics and the policy-making and practitioner communities alike. This book was published as a special issue of Democratizations.

This important text explores the widespread contention that new challenges and obstacles have arisen to democratization, assessing the claim that support for democratization around the world is facing a serious challenge.

Bringing together leading international scholars of democratization, including Thomas Carothers, Michael McFaul, Laurence Whitehead, Bassma Kodmani, Nancy Bermeo, Marina Ottaway, Shaun Breslin and, Renske Doorenspleet, this book examines the issues relating to developments within non-democratic states and issues related to the democratic world and its efforts to support the spread of democracy. Featuring in-depth studies on the limits of US democracy promotion, the Middle East, Russia, China and new democracies, the book sheds light on such questions as:

• Is the wave of democratization now in retreat or should we be careful not to exaggerate the importance of recent setbacks?
• Do serious, sustainable alternatives to democracy now exist?
• Is international democracy promotion finished?

New Challenges to Democratization brings together a variety of academics and writers from major think-tanks in the United States and Europe, and makes the book ideally suited to a wide international readership. This book will be of particular interest to students and scholars of democratization, comparative politics and international politics.

This volume brings together expert contributors to explore the intersection of two major contemporary themes: globalization, and the contribution that both domestic party politics and international party support make to democratization. Globalising Democracy clearly shows what globalization means for domestic and international efforts to build effective political parties and competitive party systems in new and emerging democracies. Contrasting perspectives are presented through fresh case studies of European post-communist countries, Africa and Turkey. The reader is clearly shown how international party assistance is a manifestation and vehicle of globalization, and explores how it may be assessed in terms of: global economic integration the growth of global communications the development and implications for party politics of multi-level governance. This is the first book to analyze the impact of globalization on democracy and will be of great interest to all students of international relations, governance and politics.

This volume brings together expert contributors to explore the intersection of two major contemporary themes: globalization, and the contribution that both domestic party politics and international party support make to democratization. Globalising Democracy clearly shows what globalization means for domestic and international efforts to build effective political parties and competitive party systems in new and emerging democracies. Contrasting perspectives are presented through fresh case studies of European post-communist countries, Africa and Turkey. The reader is clearly shown how international party assistance is a manifestation and vehicle of globalization, and explores how it may be assessed in terms of: global economic integration the growth of global communications the development and implications for party politics of multi-level governance. This is the first book to analyze the impact of globalization on democracy and will be of great interest to all students of international relations, governance and politics.

In Democratization through the Looking-Glass, Peter Burnell provides a revealing image of how our knowledge and understanding of democratization could be improved by viewing the topic through a more multi- disciplinary lens and from the perspective of more broadly based comparative analyses. Burnell and his contributors encourage readers to both "look and think outside of the box," beyond the limited parameters that usually shape the study of democratization.

The goal of Democratization through the Looking-Glass is to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of democratization as a process taking many forms rather than just as a political phenomenon. With a viewpoint from a wider multi-disciplinary stance, and broader global geopolitical knowledge base, the contributors hope to get readers to better recognize and address gaps in the political science literature on the subject of democratization. The contributors seek to do this by specifically: explaining what democratization is while also making sense of the wide variety of experiences undergone by different societies at different times going through this very process; anticipating the wider effects of democratization's consequences for all human conditions at all levels; and critically assessing strategies for extending and deepening democracy by improving its positive qualities and chances of being sustained in societies into which it is introduced.

This volume takes readers in the direction of predicting and foretelling the future of democracy and democratization with greater accuracy. In all, Democratization through the Looking-Glass provides a wide-ranging review of themes, issues, and topics concisely written by leading experts in their fields while advancing its case for more inclusive comparative studies covering Europe and North America, as well as developing regions, showing precisely how multi-disciplinary approaches enhance a global vision and understanding of democratization.

Peter Burnell is a professor in the department of politics and international studies at the University of Warwick.

This title brings together competing theories of civil society, with critical studies of the role of civil society in diverse situations and the way in which it has been promoted as the key to democratization. The combination of contemporary theory and practical applications provides valuable reading for students of civil society and so of contemporary social and political change and its policy implications for Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

The 1990s have seen a significant expansion of international co-operation for democratisation in respect of emerging and prospective new democracies. This book makes a detailed study of recent developments across the full range of official and autonomous providers of democracy assistance. they include the United Nations, he European Union and multilateral development banks, as well as Germany's party foundations, or Stiftungen, and notable public and privately-run agencies in the United States. Democracy aid's performance in parts of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Russia and elsewhere is critically examined. Special attention is paid both to post-conflict situations and to semi-authoritarian regimes where democratisation has stalled . International efforts to support democratic decentralisation and civil society in particular are assessed. although there are many strands to democracy assistance, the book argues that we cannot yet be confident that the total effort adds up to the sum of its parts.

The 1990s have seen a significant expansion of international co-operation for democratisation in respect of emerging and prospective new democracies. This book makes a detailed study of recent developments across the full range of official and autonomous providers of democracy assistance. they include the United Nations, he European Union and multilateral development banks, as well as Germany's party foundations, or Stiftungen, and notable public and privately-run agencies in the United States. Democracy aid's performance in parts of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Russia and elsewhere is critically examined. Special attention is paid both to post-conflict situations and to semi-authoritarian regimes where democratisation has stalled . International efforts to support democratic decentralisation and civil society in particular are assessed. although there are many strands to democracy assistance, the book argues that we cannot yet be confident that the total effort adds up to the sum of its parts.

Promoting democracy has grown from a small, little- known activity to a high-profile endeavor. It now involves academia, think tanks, and the popular media. The number of countries and organizations, inter-governmental, non-governmental, as well as governmental involved in supporting the spread of democracy is now legion. Countries touched by these efforts include a majority of all the world's states and some independent territories that are not yet fully sovereign. The definitional boundaries between promoting democracy and international advocacy and defense of human rights and "good governance" are not precise. Similarly, the concept of promoting democracy itself is not uniformly accepted. It has become a slogan that attracts both fervent support and grave condemnation. For Burnell, promoting democracy refers to a wide range of non-coercive attempts to spread democracy abroad for whatever reason. At its heart, it is political intervention in the domestic affairs of other countries that seeks to affect the distribution of power, whether by patient and non-violent involvement or more urgent action, democracy assistance projects form a core activity. Burnell holds that participation in the democracy assistance industry will continue to grow. However, the industry's progress up until now has in part been contingent on the progress of democratization itself. The slowdown that is currently happening in the advance of freedom and democracy around the world, and the strength shown by leading authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regimes, must raise questions about the outlook for democracy promotion. If democracy promotion and assistance are to be fit for the future, then the need for a broadly based, appropriately contextualized examination of the policy and the performance is greater now than at any time in the past.

In 1981, the Institute of Anesthesiology at the Ludwig Maximil- ian University of Munich organized a first international sympo- sium on inhalation anesthetics. In 1982, the most important con- tributions were published in the series Anaesthesiology and Inten- sive Care Medicine. At that time, the interest of European anes- thesiologists was focused on isoflurane, which had just been in- troduced for clinical purposes. Studies on this product had al- ready been appearing for years in the American literature. This book deals once more with all three inhalation anesthetics, but places particular emphasis on isoflurane. In contrast to the situa- tion in 1981, extensive experimental and clinical investigations on isoflurane have by now become available in the European litera- ture. From its conception, the objective of this symposium was not to discuss the relative value of inhalation anesthesia (bal- anced anesthesia) as compared with intravenous anesthesia. On the contrary, the major effects and interactions of isoflurane were to be explored. The side effects and their relative significance in different patient groups were also of interest. eurrent knowledge concerning a range of topics related to inhalation anesthetics (es- pecially isoflurane) was to be presented in a comprehensive and critical manner. The effects of isoflurane on the cardiovascular system were the focus of interest during the symposium and are accordingly dealt with extensively in this volume. The comparative effects on cor- onary perfusion of isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane are de- scribed in detail.

This book offers a critical and comparative examination of international support to political parties and party systems in emerging and prospective new democracies in several world regions. It combines the insights of a strong international grouping of leading academics and pioneering doctoral studies, and draws on extensive new field work inquiries. The wide-ranging coverage pools evidence from countries in Europe and Eurasia, Africa, East Asia and Central America. The book shows how far international support still has to go if it is to achieve its aims of helping party politics make a constructive contribution to furthering democracy. It advances our understanding both of the role the political parties are playing in the different polities and the sometimes negative impact of democracy promotion actors from outside. By contributing original theoretical perspectives and empirical findings, the book points the way forward to agendas for future research and new courses of action. It will be of interest to academics and the policy-making and practitioner communities alike. This book was published as a special issue of Democratizations.

Democracy is a fine political system, but an expensive economic venture. Political parties and election campaigns cost money. Where does the money come from and at what sacrifice? Issues connected with political finance are significant but often neglected aspects of the process of democratization. "Funding Democratization" examines how money and politics interact in emerging democracies. The contributors investigate the funding of political parties in early North America, financial uncertainties of party formation in European countries, funding of democratization in new democracies, and the influence of funding on contenders for power. They also address the nature of political competition in countries that are seeking to embrace, often for the first time, the rules of democracy. They question in what ways politicians can help make democracy affordable. The volume compares important democratizing countries, such as Russia, Brazil, South Africa, Spain, and the regions of East Asia and East/Central Europe. It also investigates the lessons that emerging democracies can learn from the history of political finance in today's more established democracies. "Funding Democratization" will be of interest to political scientists and specialists in international social and political development. "Peter Burnell" studied economics and politics at the University of Bristol before going on to complete his graduate studies with a dissertion on "The Political and Social Thought of Thomas Paine, 1737-1809," both at the University of Warwick. He is the founding joint editor of the journal "Democratization" and the accompanying book series Democratization Studies. Alan Ware is a professor of politics and a tutorial fellow in politics at Worcester College, Oxford University. His research interests include U.S. politics and comparative government.

This important text explores the widespread contention that new challenges and obstacles have arisen to democratization, assessing the claim that support for democratization around the world is facing a serious challenge.

Bringing together leading international scholars of democratization, including Thomas Carothers, Michael McFaul, Laurence Whitehead, Bassma Kodmani, Nancy Bermeo, Marina Ottaway, Shaun Breslin and, Renske Doorenspleet, this book examines the issues relating to developments within non-democratic states and issues related to the democratic world and its efforts to support the spread of democracy. Featuring in-depth studies on the limits of US democracy promotion, the Middle East, Russia, China and new democracies, the book sheds light on such questions as:

• Is the wave of democratization now in retreat or should we be careful not to exaggerate the importance of recent setbacks?
• Do serious, sustainable alternatives to democracy now exist?
• Is international democracy promotion finished?

New Challenges to Democratization brings together a variety of academics and writers from major think-tanks in the United States and Europe, and makes the book ideally suited to a wide international readership. This book will be of particular interest to students and scholars of democratization, comparative politics and international politics.

An impressive line-up of international contributors provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to politics in the developing world. The first four parts explore the theoretical approaches, the changing nature and role of the state, and the major policy issues that confront all developing countries. The final parts set out a diverse range of country case studies, representing all the main geographical regions. These country case studies illustrate the themes introduced in the thematic chapters and highlight the developing world as a place of diversity and rapid transformations. Readers are provided with the tools to appreciate the perspectives of developing countries. The fifth edition has been thoroughly updated to address topical issues and themes, including refugee movements; the rise of the so-called Islamic State; organised crime; gender; the role of new forms of communication in political mobilization; and the replacement of Millennium Development Goals by Sustainable Development Goals. Two new country case studies have been added: Syria and the Sudan. The text is supported by an Online Resource Centre with the following student resources: Additional country case studies to encourage students to consider the political situations in different developing countries A flashcard glossary to allow students to test their knowledge of important concepts Study questions encourage readers to think critically about each chapter Web links encourage students to go beyond the textbook and read more widely.

1m Jahre 1981 veranstaltete das Institut fUr Anasthesiologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Mtinchen ein erstes internationales Symposium tiber Inhalationsanasthetika. 1982 wurden die wich- tigsten Beitrage in der Reihe Aniisthesi%gie und Intensivmedizin publiziert. In der damaligen Zeit galt das europaische Interesse dem gerade in die Klinik eillgeftihrten Isofluran. 1m amerikanischen Schrifttum waren bereits seit Jahren Untersuchungen zu diesem Produkt publiziert worden. Das vorliegende Buch beschiiftigt sich wiederum mit allen drei Inhalationsanasthetika, insbesondere auch mit Isofluran. Inzwischen liegen jedoch im Gegensatz zur damaligen Zeit umfangreiche experimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen im europaischen Schrifttum tiber das letztgenannte Produkt vor. Es war von Beginn an nicht das Ziel eine Diskussion tiber die Wer- tigkeit der Inhalationsanasthesie (balanced anesthesia) gegentiber der intravenosen Anasthesie zu ftihren, vielmehr sollten die wesent- lichen durch Isofluran hervorgerufenen Effekte und Interaktionen herausgearbeitet werden. Dabei interessierten auch die Nebeneffek- te und deren Wertigkeit bei unterschiedlichen Patientengruppen. Der heutige Wissensstand tiber Inhalationsanasthetika, besonders tiber Isoflurane, sollte aktuell, umfassend und kritisch dargestellt werden. 1m Mittelpunkt des Interesses standen wahrend des Sympo- siums und stehen dementsprechend in dem vorliegenden Buch die Wirkungen von Isofluran auf das kardiovaskulare System. Der Effekt auf die Koronarperfusion im Vergleich zu Enfluran und Halothan wird eingehend dargestellt. In mehreren Beitragen wird versucht die Frage zu beantworten, ob Isofluran giinstige oder ungiinstige Effekte auf das ischamische Myokard besitzt. Dieser Frage kommt eminente klinische Bedeutung zu.

Augustine's notions of human nature and of person have not received adequate systematic treatment, despite their centrality to all the important areas of his thought. Although he notoriously changed his mind on many major points, his explorations of human nature and person remained central and to a great extent consistent across his mature and most important works. In this insightful and accessible book, Peter Burnell examines the crucial issues in Augustine's understanding of these two related subjects, and concentrates on Augustine's fullest development of that understanding. Through careful analysis of Augustine's writings, Burnell concludes that Augustine conceives of human nature as a unity at every level - socially, morally, and in basic constitution - despite very common objections that he fails to achieve such a conception. Furthermore, Augustine's doctrine of the Incarnation is the basis of his notion of person - not only human but divine. Thus the eternal relationships of God's interior life, though unchanging, have always had an outward bearing, in the sense of being eternally oriented on the Incarnation. Continued interest in Augustine as a historical figure and a resource for contemporary reflection, as well as contemporary theorizing, by both philosophers and theologians, about the human person makes this study significant not only for the understanding of Augustine but for more general questions raised today regarding the human person.

* An accessible introduction for all social science students * A balanced, comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the issues and trends * A guide to the past, present and future of foreign aid Foreign aid has undergone considerable changes over the past fifty years. Foreign Aid in a Changing World explores the changes and locates them in a context of wider economic and political developments. These are the developments affecting all countries, in North, South, East and West, and in particular, the changing relations among them. The book analyses the different reasons why some countries - both in the developing world and former communist states - seem to need assistance. It critically surveys the values-based and interests-based arguments in favour of aid and its many forms; encompasses the important non-governmental and multilateral dimensions, as well as the bilateral flows, at national and sub-national levels; and focuses particularly on the contemporary emphasis on making aid dependent on democratization and 'good government'. Peter Burnell examines the principal influences on foreign aid, what makes aid controversial, and whether it has a future. He provides an important text for all students of international relations and development studies across the social science disciplines.

If the past is any guide, many of the new Third Wave democracies can be expected to fall by the wayside. Moreover, a significant part of the world's peoples do not enjoy democratic government. This volume brings together studies of many of the small number of previously established states that have retained and/or restored democracy despite, in many cases, formidable economic, social or political challenges. It seeks to establish common themes, whether or not they appear to fit a grand causal theory. It is, after all, the very adaptability of democratic systems that characterizes their persistence, durability and resilience.