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Since the seventeenth century our ideas of scientific authorship have expanded and changed dramatically. In this ambitious volume of new work, Mario Biagioli and Peter Galison have brought together historians of science, literary historians, and historians of the book. Together they track the changing nature and identity of the author in science, both historically and conceptually, from the emergence of scientific academies in the age of Galileo to concerns with large-scale multiauthorship and intellectual property rights in the age of cloning labs and pharmaceutical giants. How, for example, do we decide whether a chemical compound is discovered or invented? What does it mean to patent genetic material? Documenting the emergence of authorship in the late medieval period, authorship's limits and its fragmentation, Scientific Authorship offers a collective history of a complex relationship.
Since the seventeenth century our ideas of scientific authorship have expanded and changed dramatically. In this ambitious volume of new work, Mario Biagioli and Peter Galison have brought together historians of science, literary historians, and historians of the book. Together they track the changing nature and identity of the author in science, both historically and conceptually, from the emergence of scientific academies in the age of Galileo to concerns with large-scale multiauthorship and intellectual property rights in the age of cloning labs and pharmaceutical giants. How, for example, do we decide whether a chemical compound is discovered or invented? What does it mean to patent genetic material? Documenting the emergence of authorship in the late medieval period, authorship's limits and its fragmentation, Scientific Authorship offers a collective history of a complex relationship.
Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In
Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence
of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences--and show how
the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and
trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused
with workaday practices in the making of scientific images. From
the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images
that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences--from
anatomy to crystallography--are those featured in scientific
atlases, the compendia that teach practitioners what is worth
looking at and how to look at it. Galison and Daston use atlas
images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and
its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture
the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase
even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or
highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision
enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology. As Daston and
Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of
science. To pursue objectivity--or truth-to-nature or trained
judgment--is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific
self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point
at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as
a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific
community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces
of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective
sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to anyone interested in the
elusive and crucial notion of objectivity-- and in what it means to
peer into the world scientifically. Lorraine Daston is Director at
the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin,
Germany. She is the coauthor of Wonders and the Order of Nature,
1150-1750 and the editor of Things That Talk: Object Lessons from
Art and Science (both Zone Books). Peter Galison is Pellegrino
University Professor of the History of Science and of Physics at
Harvard University. He is the author of Einstein's Clocks,
Poincare's Maps: Empires of Time, How Experiments End, and Image
and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics, and other books, and
coeditor (with Emily Thompson) of The Architecture of Science (MIT
Press, 1999)."
Between the disciplines of art history and the history of science lies a growing field of inquiry into what science and art share as both image-making and knowledge-producing activities. The contributors of Picturing Science, Producing Art occupy this intermediate zone to analyze both scientific and aesthetic representations, utilizing disciplinary perspectives that range from art history to sociology, history and philosophy of science to gender studies, cultural history to the philosophy of mind. The internationally renowned contributors go beyond both science wars and culture wars by exploring substantive links between systems of visual representation and knowledge in science and art. Contributors include Svetlana Alpers, Jonathan Crary, Arnold Davidson, Carlo Ginzburg, Donna Haraway, Bruno Latour, and Simon Schaffer.
Modern science has changed every aspect of life in ways that cannot be compared to developments of previous eras. This four volume set presents key developments within modern physical science and the effects of these discoveries on modern global life. The first two volumes explore the history of the concept of relativity, the cultural roots of science, the concept of time and gravity before, during, and after Einstein's theory, and the cultural reception of relativity. Volume three explores the impact of modern science upon global politics and the creation of a new kind of war, and Volume four details the old and new efforts surrounding the elucidation of the quantum world, as well as the cultural impact of particle physics. The collection also presents the historical and cultural context that made these scientific innovations possible. The transformation of everyday concepts of time and space for the individual and for society, the conduct of warfare, and the modern sense of mastering nature are all issues discussed in these four volumes. The thematically organized volumes in this collection reprint in facsimile the most influential scholarship published in this field.
Contents: Einstein, Albert. 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.' In Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity: Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905-1911), translated by Arthur I. Miller (Reading, PA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1981) Holton, Gerald. 'Mach, Einstein, and the Search for Reality'. In Gerald Holton, ed., Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988). Holton, Gerald. 'Einstein and the Cultural Roots of Modern Science' Daedalus 127 (Winter 1998). Darrigol, Oliver. 'Henri Poincaré's Criticism of Fin-de-siecle Electrodynamics'. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 26 (1995). Janssen, Michel. 'Reconsidering a Scientific Revolution: The Case of Einstein Versus Lorentz.' Unpublished. Miller, Arthur I. 'The Special Relativity Theory: Einstein's Response to the Physics of 1905'. In Gerald Holton and Yehudah Elkana, eds., Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982). Galison, Peter. 'Einstein's Clocks: The Place of Time'. Critical Enquiry 26 (Winter 2000). Cassidy, David. 'Understanding the History of Special Relativity'. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 16 (1986) Pyenson, Lewis. 'The Relativity Revolution in Germany.' In The Comparitive Reception of Relativity (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987). Glick, Thomas. 'Cultural Issues in the Reception of Relativity (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987) Goldberg, Stanley. 'In Defense of the Ether: The British Response to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, 1905-1911.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 2 (1970). Warwick, Andrew. 'Cambridge Mathematics and Cavendish Physics: Cunningham, Campbell, and Einstein's Relativity, 1905-1911. Part I: The Uses of Theory.' Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23 (1992).
Contents: Kuhn, Thomas. 'Revisiting Planck.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 14 (1984). Klein, Martin. 'Thermodynamics in Einstein's Thought.' Science 157 (1967). Klein, Martin. 'Einstein, Specific Heats, and the Early Quantum Theory.' Science 148 (1965). Darrigol, Olivier. 'Classsical Concepts in Bohr's Atomic Theory (1913-1925).' Physis 32 (1997). MacKinnon, Edward. 'Heisenberg, Models, and the Rise of Matrix Mechanics.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 8 (1977). Wessels, Linda. 'Schrodinger's Route to Wave Mechanics.' Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 10 (1977). Cassidy, David. 'Heisenberg, Uncertainty, and the Quantum Revolution.' Scientific American 266 (May 1992). Kragh, Helge. 'The Genesis of Dirac's Relativistic Theory of Electrons.' Archive for History of Exact Sciences 24 (1981). Forman, Paul. 'Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment.' In Colin Chant and John Fauvel, eds., Darwin to Einstein: Historical Studies on Science and Belief (New York, NY: Longman, 1980). Beller, Mara. 'Born's Probabilistic Interpretation: A Case Study of 'Concepts in Flux''. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 21 (1990). Holton, Gerald. 'The Roots of Complementarity.' Daedalus 99 (1970). Heilbron, John. 'The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit.' Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 38 (1985). Wise, M. Norton. 'Pascual Jordan: Quantum Mechanics, Psychology, National Socialism.' In Mark Walker and Monika Rechenberg, eds., Science, Technology, and National Socialism. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Fine, Arthur. 'Einstein's Critique of Quantum Theory: The Roots and Significance of EPR.' In P. Barker and C.G. Shugart, eds., After Einstein (Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press, 1981). Assmus, Alexi. 'The Americanization of Molecular Physics.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 23 (1992).
This collection demonstrates the range of approaches that some of
the leading scholars of our day take to basic questions at the
intersection of the natural and human worlds. The essays focus on
three interlocking categories: Reason stakes a bigger territory
than the enclosed yard of universal rules. Nature expands over a
far larger region than an eternal category of the natural. And
history refuses to be confined to claims of an unencumbered truth
of how things happened.
Is science unified or disunified? Over the last century, the
question has raised the interest (and hackles) of scientists,
philosophers, historians, and sociologists of science, for at stake
is how science and society fit together. Recent years have seen a
turn largely against the rhetoric of unity, ranging from the please
of condensed matter physicists for disciplinary autonomy all the
way to discussions in the humanities and social sciences that
involve local history, feminism, multiculturalism, postmodernism,
scientific relativism and realism, and social constructivism. Many
of these varied aspects of the debate over the disunity of science
are reflected in this volume, which brings together a number of
scholars studying science who otherwise have had little to say to
each other: feminist theorists, philosophers of science,
sociologists of science. How does the context of discover shape
knowledge? What are the philosophical consequences of a disunified
science? Does, for example, an antirealism, a realism, or an
arealism become defensible within a picture of local scientific
knowledge? What politics lies behind and follows from a picture of
the world of science more like a quilt than a pyramid? Who gains
and loses if representation of science has standards that vary from
place to place, field to field, and practitioner to practitioner.
Galison provides excellent histories of three experimental
episodes: the measurement of the gyromagnetic ratio of the
electron, the discovery of the mu meson, or muon, and the discovery
of weak neutral currents. These studies of actual experiments will
provide valuable material for both philosophers and historians of
science and Galison's own thoughts on the nature of experiment are
extremely important. . . . Galison has given both philosophers and
historians much to think about. I strongly urge you to read this
book.--Allan Franklin, British Journal of the Philosophy of Science
Anyone who is seriously concerned with understanding how research
is done should read this. There have been many books on one or
another part of its subject matter but few giving such insights
into how the research is done and how the consensus of discovery is
arrived at.--Frank Close, New Scientist [Galison] is to be
congratulated on producing a masterpiece in the field.--Michael
Redhead, Synthese How Experiments End is a major historical work on
an exciting topic.--Andy Pickering, Isis
A dramatic new account of the parallel quests to harness time that
culminated in the revolutionary science of relativity, "Einstein's
Clocks, Poincare's Maps" is "part history, part science, part
adventure, part biography, part meditation on the meaning of
modernity....In Galison's telling of science, the meters and wires
and epoxy and solder come alive as characters, along with
physicists, engineers, technicians and others....Galison has
unearthed fascinating material" ("New York Times"). Clocks and
trains, telegraphs and colonial conquest: the challenges of the
late nineteenth century were an indispensable real-world background
to the enormous theoretical breakthrough of relativity. And two
giants at the foundations of modern science were converging,
step-by-step, on the answer: Albert Einstein, an young, obscure
German physicist experimenting with measuring time using telegraph
networks and with the coordination of clocks at train stations; and
the renowned mathematician Henri Poincare, president of the French
Bureau of Longitude, mapping time coordinates across continents.
Each found that to understand the newly global world, he had to
determine whether there existed a pure time in which simultaneity
was absolute or whether time was relative. Esteemed historian of
science Peter Galison has culled new information from rarely seen
photographs, forgotten patents, and unexplored archives to tell the
fascinating story of two scientists whose concrete, professional
preoccupations engaged them in a silent race toward a theory that
would conquer the empire of time."
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Hall of Half-Life (German, Paperback)
Tessa Gibblin, Steirischer Herbst; Text written by Peter Galison, Sam Keogh, Geoffrey Farmer; Translated by …
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Is science unified or disunified? Over the last century, the
question has raised the interest (and hackles) of scientists,
philosophers, historians, and sociologists of science, for at stake
is how science and society fit together. Recent years have seen a
turn largely against the rhetoric of unity, ranging from the please
of condensed matter physicists for disciplinary autonomy all the
way to discussions in the humanities and social sciences that
involve local history, feminism, multiculturalism, postmodernism,
scientific relativism and realism, and social constructivism. Many
of these varied aspects of the debate over the disunity of science
are reflected in this volume, which brings together a number of
scholars studying science who otherwise have had little to say to
each other: feminist theorists, philosophers of science,
sociologists of science. How does the context of discover shape
knowledge? What are the philosophical consequences of a disunified
science? Does, for example, an antirealism, a realism, or an
arealism become defensible within a picture of local scientific
knowledge? What politics lies behind and follows from a picture of
the world of science more like a quilt than a pyramid? Who gains
and loses if representation of science has standards that vary from
place to place, field to field, and practitioner to practitioner.
"I want to get at the blown glass of the early cloud chambers and
the oozing noodles of wet nuclear emulsion; to the resounding crack
of a high-voltage spark arcing across a high-tension chamber and
leaving the lab stinking of ozone; to the silent, darkened room,
with row after row of scanners sliding trackballs across projected
bubble-chamber images. Pictures and pulses--I want to know where
they came from, how pictures and counts got to be the bottom-line
data of physics." (from the preface)
"Image and Logic" is the most detailed engagement to date with the
impact of modern technology on what it means to "do" physics and to
be a physicist. At the beginning of this century, physics was
usually done by a lone researcher who put together experimental
apparatus on a benchtop. Now experiments frequently are larger than
a city block, and experimental physicists live very different
lives: programming computers, working with industry, coordinating
vast teams of scientists and engineers, and playing politics.
Peter L. Galison probes the material culture of experimental
microphysics to reveal how the ever-increasing scale and complexity
of apparatus have distanced physicists from the very science that
drew them into experimenting, and have fragmented microphysics into
different technical traditions much as apparatus have fragmented
atoms to get at the fundamental building blocks of matter. At the
same time, the necessity for teamwork in operating
multimillion-dollar machines has created dynamic "trading zones,"
where instrument makers, theorists, and experimentalists meet,
share knowledge, and coordinate the extraordinarily diverse pieces
of the culture of modern microphysics: work, machines, evidence,
and argument.
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