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Bioenergetics, the topic of volume 5 of this Series, is concerned
with the energetics, the kinetics, and the mechanisms of energy
conversion in biological systems. This phenomenon can be
investigated on diffe rent levels of complexity. On a global level
the role of biological pro cesses for the steady state of our
enviroment is considered. At the physiological level, the relation
between energy input and the physiolo gical state of an organism is
of interest, while at the cellular level the biochemical pathways
for degradation and synthesis of all relevant substrates is
investigated. At present the majority of bioenergetic stu dies
pertain to the molecular level. The processes in a cell are cataly
zed by a large number of proteins called enzymes. The enzymes in
volved in energy transduction can be considered as molecular ma
chines which transform energy from one form into another, or
transfer energy from one process to another. Living systems operate
far from equilibrium and are open in the ther modynamic sense, i.
e. they exchange energy and matter with the sur roundings. Chapter
1 presents the principles of non equilibrium thermo dynamics
applied to biological systems. About 0. 05% of the energy from the
sunlight which reaches the surface of the earth is used by plants
and algae as well as some bacteria to synthesize organic com
pounds, and thus supplies all organisms with the energy necessary
for life."
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