In the early 1980s, I began to visit South Wales on a regular basis to photograph the railway scene. At that time, the collieries and steelworks were generating a lot of rail traffic with Class 37 diesels being the usual motive power. Passenger trains were in the hands of Class 47s and 37s, while 'Peaks' and Class 50s would also appear on occasion. HSTs, DMUs, Sprinters and Pacers were, of course, also common. As time went on, collieries closed and the coal traffic reduced, but there always something new and interesting. Rugby Internationals at Cardiff regularly produced a number of special trains which arrived from various parts of the country, often bringing interesting motive power to the Welsh capital. The Class 37s were slowly replaced by Class 56s, and later Class 60s, on many duties in South Wales, but the Rhymney Valley saw Class 37 diesels working passenger trains into the twenty-first century, and on Rugby International days, privately-owned Class 50s were also used on occasion. I also visited the Central Wales line a number of times and particularly enjoyed the time I spent at the small country stations, before the semaphore signals were replaced. This book contains a selection of photographs taken in the latter part of the 20th and in the very early 21st Century, covering the railways of South Wales and the Welsh section of the Central Wales line. A few photographs of the principal heritage railways in more recent times are also included.

The coastal and mountain scenery around the railway lines of North and Mid Wales is among the best in Great Britain. Here we look at the British Railways lines and the trains that ran on them in the years between 1980 and 2000, as recorded by my cameras during my many visits to the area. A few photographs from earlier years are also included to help to complete the picture. During this period of time, quite a lot of mechanical signalling and many old station buildings still remained, all adding to the railway atmosphere. Featured here are the North Wales Coast line and its branches, the former Cambrian line from Welshpool to Aberystwyth and Pwllheli, and the Welsh section of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. While the emphasis is very much on the main lines, the Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway, closed by British Railways in 1956 and reopened as a heritage railway, and the Llangollen Railway on a section of the former Ruabon to Barmouth line also feature, as does the Vale of Rheidol Railway, sold by British Rail into private ownership in 1989\. A few photographs of the steam specials that regularly ran on the main lines are also included.

Shrewsbury station, located at the junction of the lines from Chester, Crewe, Wolverhampton, Hereford and Aberystwyth is a busy and interesting railway centre for the enthusiast. Many train movements are still controlled by semaphore signals operated from a number of signal boxes, including the largest remaining operational mechanical signal box in the world at Severn Bridge Junction. Nevertheless, modernisation has been gradually sweeping away much of the railway infrastructure, both at Shrewsbury and in the surrounding area, as it has been everywhere else. This book looks at Shrewsbury itself, the lines that radiate from there, and the trains that ran on them, in the late twentieth and the early part of the twenty-first century. During this time period, much more general railway infrastructure and mechanical signalling was still in use, and locomotive-hauled trains were abundant, using a variety of motive power, including Classes 25, 31, 33, 37 and 47\. The various freight lines that saw traffic are also visited. The railway from Newport through Hereford and Shrewsbury to Chester, in particular, saw regular steam-hauled special trains, a few of which are illustrated here. Preserved railways in the area are not forgotten, including the Severn Valley Railway which once ran from Sutton Bridge Junction at Shrewsbury to Hartlebury, between Kidderminster and Droitwich Spa.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, Scotland was an excellent destination for the railway enthusiast. The many locomotive hauled trains running through splendid scenery, together with the surviving railway infrastructure and mechanical signalling, provided many fine photographic opportunities. My first railway visit to Scotland was on board The Fair Maid rail tour to Perth, behind Flying Scotsman in 1983\. The following year, I again travelled to Scotland, this time on the F & W Railtours The Skirl O' The Pipes 4, to Kyle of Lochalsh and Mallaig, my first visit to the Scottish Highlands. I had previously been travelling abroad for railways, but impressed by what I saw, I decided that I would quickly return to photograph the Scottish railway scene, before it changed too much. This was the start of a series of visits, each for one or two weeks, between 1984 and June 1991, covering the whole country. This book is a photographic record of the locomotives, trains and infrastructure of the railways of Scotland and the landscapes through which the trains ran, as recorded by my various cameras during the period of my visits.

Highly Structured Stochastic Systems (HSSS) is a modern strategy for building statistical models for challenging real-world problems, for computing with them, and for interpreting the resulting inference. The aim of this book is to make recent developments in HSSS accessible to a general statistical audience including graduate students and researchers.

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