Attaining meaningful cybersecurity presents a broad societal challenge. Its complexity and the range of systems and sectors in which it is needed mean that successful approaches are necessarily multifaceted. Moreover, cybersecurity is a dynamic process involving human attackers who continue to adapt. Despite considerable investments of resources and intellect, cybersecurity continues to poses serious challenges to national security, business performance, and public well-being. Modern developments in computation, storage and connectivity to the Internet have brought into even sharper focus the need for a better understanding of the overall security of the systems we depend on. Foundational Cybersecurity Research focuses on foundational research strategies for organizing people, technologies, and governance. These strategies seek to ensure the sustained support needed to create an agile, effective research community, with collaborative links across disciplines and between research and practice. This report is aimed primarily at the cybersecurity research community, but takes a broad view that efforts to improve foundational cybersecurity research will need to include many disciplines working together to achieve common goals. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Cybersecurity Challenges and Security Science 2 The Role of Social, Behavioral, and Decision Sciences in Security Science 3 Engineering, Operational, and Life-Cycle Challenges in Security Science 4 Foundational Research Topics 5 Institutional Opportunities to Improve Security Science Appendixes Appendix A: Briefers to the Study Committee Appendix B: Committee Biographies Appendix C: Highlights from Other Research Agendas