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U.S. foreign relations in the Middle East has remained crucial
through many decades and the complications facing the United States
in the Middle East have become even more acute. While the United
States downgraded its military operations in Iraq, that country
failed to achieve a stable, democratic footing and instead
experienced schism and civil strife. Israeli-Palestinian disputes
over land, the status of refugees, and control of Jerusalem
intensified, and international conflicts between Arab states and
Israel escalated for the first time since the 1980s. The Arab
Spring protest movements of 2011 and after ignited political
turmoil across the region, leading to revolutionary change in
several states and triggering persistent unrest and violence in
Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Syria, and Iraq. During the recent
decade, in short, the Middle East has become the most unstable,
dangerous, and complicated region of the world and the United
States remains near the center of the maelstrom. This second
edition of Historical Dictionary of United States-Middle East
Relations contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and
an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 300
cross-referenced entries on national leaders, non-governmental
organizations, policy initiatives, and armed conflicts, as well as
entries on such topics as intelligence, immigration, and weapons of
mass destruction. This book is an excellent access point for
students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the US
and Middle East Relations.
The current state of affairs between the United States and the
Middle East is probably the most volatile and absorbing
relationship the U.S. is involved in today. Prior to 1941, however,
the U.S. preferred to limit its involvement with the Middle East to
launching ministries of evangelism and social welfare across the
region and investing in the pumping, refining, and transportation
of oil to Western markets. It was not until World War II and the
Cold War, when the threat of losing control of the region and
therefore losing its natural resources, military bases, and lines
of communication arose, that U.S. officials were motivated to take
a greater interest. Since then, the increasing level of violence in
the area has led to an increase in U.S. involvement, which in most
cases has been far from positive: the Iran hostage crisis of
1979-1981, the Persian Gulf War of 1990-1991, and the U.S. invasion
and occupation of Iraq in 2003. The A to Z of United States-Middle
East Relations is an essential tool to understanding how diplomatic
relations deteriorated to this point. This volume concentrates on
the history of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the Middle
East from the onset of the Cold War up to the present. This is
accomplished through a chronology, an introduction, a bibliography,
an appendix, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on
the countries involved, significant events, major crises, important
figures, controversial issues, and doctrines and policies. For
scholars, historians, and students interested in the diplomacy of
these two regions, this is an essential reference.
Das Interesse an den anthropologischen Grundlagen der Medizin,
insbesondere der psychosomatischen Medizin ist in dem Masse
gewachsen, in dem die Vielfalt der sog. "ganzheitlichen" Ansatze"
und der verschiedenen psychotherapeutischen Richtungen fast
unubersehbar geworden ist. In dieser Situation bietet das soeben
erschienene Lehrbuch eine von der unmittelbaren Beobachtung und
arztlichen Erfahrung ausgehende Klarung und Ubersicht. Der Autor -
Internist und Psychoanalytiker, Nachfolger von Viktor von
Weizsacker und Paul Christian als Leiter der Heidelberger Abteilung
fur "Allgemeine Klinische und Psychosomatische Medizin" - legt die
Grundlagen einer anthropologisch verstandenen Psychosomatik vor,
die Gesichtspunkte der Allgemeinen Medizin mit
wissenschaftstheoretischen, praktisch-arztlichen und
personlich-psychotherapeutischen Erfahrungen zu einer lebendigen -
in der Konzeptualisierung vollig neuen - Einheit verbindet.
Neuartig und ungewohnlich ist auch die Form der Darstellung: dem
fortlaufenden "text" der inhaltlichen "Vorunterweisung" wird ein
"kontext" gegenubergestellt, der sehr personliche Anmerkungen und
Assoziationen des Verfassers enthalt und Raum fur eigene
Uberlegungen und Assoziationen des Lesers gibt. Aus jahrelanger
Unterrichts- und Vorlesungspraxis, sowie Erfahrungen bei Fort- und
Weiterbildungsveranstaltungen mit Arzten und Studenten entstanden,
bietet das Buch sowohl dem Studienanfanger wie dem erfahrenen Arzt
und Psychotherapeuten eine lebendige Einfuhrung in die Diskussion
der Grundlagen arztlicher Tatigkeit und ihrer wissenschaftlichen
Bewaltigung.
Postwar American officials desired - in principle - to promote
Arab-Israeli peace in order to stabilize the Middle East. Yet Peter
L. Hahn shows how, during the Truman and Eisenhower
administrations, that desire for peace was not always an American
priority, as U.S. leaders consistently gave more weight to their
determination to contain the Soviet Union than to their desire to
make peace between Israel and its neighbors. U.S. leaders were
unable to relinquish responsibilities that became increasingly
difficult to fulfill, and they were unable to resolve a dispute
that would continue to generate instability for years to come.
Although it seems almost incredible today, the United States had
relatively little interest in the Middle East before 1945. But the
dynamics and outcome of World War II elevated the importance of the
Middle East in the American mind, and the United States has viewed
the region with vital interest to its security and economy ever
since. The projection of American power into the region has had
consequences that have forever changed the United States and the
Middle East, with the rise of al Qaeda and the turbulent occupation
of Iraq being the latest examples. "Crisis and Crossfire" surveys
and analyzes the broad contours of U.S. involvement in the region.
It probes the reasons why the United States implemented various
policies and assesses the wisdom of American leaders as they
accepted greater responsibilities for preserving stability and
security in the Middle East. Major themes include U.S.-Middle East
policy in the context of the Cold War, the rise of Arab and Iranian
nationalism, decolonization, the U.S. approach to the Arab-Israeli
conflict, the politics of Western dependence on Middle Eastern oil,
and America's military interventions, particularly its two wars
against Iraq. This book's concise narrative and selection of
primary-source documents make it an ideal introduction to
U.S.-Middle East relations for students and for anyone with an
interest in understanding the history behind today's events.
Egypt figured prominently in United States policy in the Middle
East after World War II because of its strategic, political, and
economic importance. Peter Hahn explores the triangular
relationship between the United States, Great Britain, and Egypt in
order to analyze the justifications and implications of American
policy in the region and within the context of a broader Cold War
strategy.
This work is the first comprehensive scholarly account of relations
between those countries during this period. Hahn shows how the
United States sought to establish stability in Egypt and the Middle
East to preserve Western interests, deny the resources of the
region to the Soviet Union, and prevent the outbreak of war. He
demonstrates that American officials' desire to recognize Egyptian
nationalistic aspirations was constrained by their strategic
imperatives in the Middle East and by the demands of the
Anglo-American alliance.
Using many recently declassified American and British political and
military documents, Hahn offers a comprehensive view of the
intricacies of alliance diplomacy and multilateral relations. He
sketches the United States' growing involvement in Egyptian affairs
and its accumulation of commitments to Middle East security and
stability and shows that these events paralleled the decline of
British influence in the region.
Hahn identifies the individuals and agencies that formulated
American policy toward Egypt and discusses the influence of
domestic and international issues on the direction of policy. He
also explains and analyzes the tactics devised by American
officials to advance their interests in Egypt, judging their
soundness and success.
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