A compendium of novel information on molecular-scale science and the application of nanocarbon, nanosilicon and biopolymer integrated nanosystems.

During the 20th century, molecular-scale science and nanotechnology developed rapidly, leading to the construction of innovative materials - nanosystens from molecules (fullerenes), supramolecules (nanotubes, peapods, polymers, biopolymers (DNA, protein and their complexes) and semiconductor nanoparticles (nano-Si, SiOx, Si/SiGe dots, metal nanowires). This book presents exciting new developments of the early 21st century. Significant progress has been made in nanotechnology of building blocks for integrated nanosystems, single and assembled molecules, nanoparticles characterisation, and multifunctional applications of nanosystems.

The realisation and the application of novel multifunctional nanosystems in electronics, optics, biomedicine (nano-bioelectronic devices based on DNA and proteins, silicon nanocrystal memory devices, monolithically integrated silicon photonics, nanocapsules, biosensor nanosystems) are described by well known experts.

General routes to the development of innovative, multi functional nanosystems are described by experts in the field. The systems described are based on fullerenes, nanotubes, metals (Au, Ag, Pt, etc.) and semiconductors (Si, CdS, CdTe, metal oxides), nanocrystals and polymer / biopolymer assembly systems. The book also discusses the realization and characterization of the fundamental properties of nanosystems, defined by nano-size effects, as well as the application of such systems in electronics, optics, magnetoelectronics, spintronics, biomedicine, pharmaceutical biocomplexes, and biosensors.

There are millions of children experiencing parental imprisonment all over the world. This book is about their problems, human rights and how they are treated throughout the justice process from the arrest of a parent to imprisonment and release.

This book draws on historical and cross-disciplinary studies to critically examine penal practices in Scandinavia. The Nordic countries are often hailed by international observers as 'model societies', with egalitarian welfare policies, low rates of poverty, humane social policies and human rights oriented internal agendas. This book, however, paints a much more nuanced picture of the welfare policies, ideologies and social control in strong centralistic states. Based on extensive new empirical data, leading Nordic and international scholars discuss the relationship between prison conditions in Scandinavia and Scandinavian social policy more generally, and argue that it is not always liberating and constructive to be embraced by a powerful welfare state. This book is essential reading for researchers of state punishment in Scandinavia, and it is highly relevant for anyone interested in the 'Nordic Model' of social policy.

The use of solitary confinement in prisons became common with the rise of the modern penitentiary during the first half of the nineteenth century and his since remained a feature of many prison systems all over the world. Solitary confinement is used for a panoply of different reasons although research tells us that these practices have widespread negative health effects. Besides the death penalty it is arguably the most punitive and dangerous intervention available to state authorities in democratic nations. Nevertheless, in the United States there is currently an estimated 80-100,000 prisoners in small cells for more than 22 hours per day with little or no social contact and no physical contact visits with family or friends. Even in Scandinavia, thousands of prisoners are placed in solitary confinement every year and with an alarming frequency. These facts have spawned international interest in this topic and a growing international reform movement, which includes researchers, litigators and human rights defenders as well as prison staff and prisoners. This book is the first to take a broad international comparative approach and to apply an interdisciplinary lens to this subject. In this volume neuroscientists, high level prison officials, social and political scientists, medical doctors, lawyers and former prisoners and their families from different countries will address the effects and practices of prolonged solitary confinement and the movement for its reform and abolition.

A compendium of novel information on molecular-scale science and the application of nanocarbon, nanosilicon and biopolymer integrated nanosystems.

During the 20th century, molecular-scale science and nanotechnology developed rapidly, leading to the construction of innovative materials - nanosystens from molecules (fullerenes), supramolecules (nanotubes, peapods, polymers, biopolymers (DNA, protein and their complexes) and semiconductor nanoparticles (nano-Si, SiOx, Si/SiGe dots, metal nanowires). This book presents exciting new developments of the early 21st century. Significant progress has been made in nanotechnology of building blocks for integrated nanosystems, single and assembled molecules, nanoparticles characterisation, and multifunctional applications of nanosystems.

The realisation and the application of novel multifunctional nanosystems in electronics, optics, biomedicine (nano-bioelectronic devices based on DNA and proteins, silicon nanocrystal memory devices, monolithically integrated silicon photonics, nanocapsules, biosensor nanosystems) are described by well known experts.

This multi-disciplinary, scientific display of cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of nanoscience and nanotechnology of inorganic, and organic systems, as well as systems for electronics photonics, and spintronics demonstrates that researching nanocarbon, nanosilicon, biomolecular integrated nanosystems, and developing their new applications, is a complex and exiting topic that will continue to attract scientists and engineers for many years to come.

General routes to the development of innovative, multi functional nanosystems are described by experts in the field. The systems described are based on fullerenes, nanotubes, metals (Au, Ag, Pt, etc.) and semiconductors (Si, CdS, CdTe, metal oxides), nanocrystals and polymer / biopolymer assembly systems. The book also discusses the realization and characterization of the fundamental properties of nanosystems, defined by nano-size effects, as well as the application of such systems in electronics, optics, magnetoelectronics, spintronics, biomedicine, pharmaceutical biocomplexes, and biosensors.

This book draws on historical and cross-disciplinary studies to critically examine penal practices in Scandinavia. The Nordic countries are often hailed by international observers as 'model societies', with egalitarian welfare policies, low rates of poverty, humane social policies and human rights oriented internal agendas. This book, however, paints a much more nuanced picture of the welfare policies, ideologies and social control in strong centralistic states. Based on extensive new empirical data, leading Nordic and international scholars discuss the relationship between prison conditions in Scandinavia and Scandinavian social policy more generally, and argue that it is not always liberating and constructive to be embraced by a powerful welfare state. This book is essential reading for researchers of state punishment in Scandinavia, and it is highly relevant for anyone interested in the 'Nordic Model' of social policy.

There are millions of children experiencing parental imprisonment all over the world. This book is about their problems, human rights and how they are treated throughout the justice process from the arrest of a parent to imprisonment and release.

Every year millions of families are affected by the imprisonment of a family member. Children of imprisoned parents alone can be counted in millions in the USA and in Europe. It is a bewildering fact that while we have had prisons for centuries, and the deprivation of liberty has been a central pillar in the Western mode of punishment since the early nineteenth century, we have only relatively recently embarked upon a serious discussion of the severe effects of imprisonment for the families and relatives of offenders and the implications this has for society. This book draws together some of the excellent research that addresses the impact of criminal justice and incarceration in particular upon the families of offenders. It assembles examples of recent and ongoing studies from eight different countries in order to not only learn about the secondary effects and 'collateral consequences' of imprisonment but also to understand what the experiences and lived realities of prisoners' families means for the sociology of punishment and our broader understanding of criminal justice systems. While punishment and society scholarship has gained significant ground in recent years it has often remained silent on the ways in which the families of prisoners are affected by our practices of punishment. This book provides evidence of the importance of including families within this scholarship and explores themes of legitimacy, citizenship, human rights, marginalization, exclusion, and inequality.