* Investigates the origins of formalization, its types and phases, and its applications to a variety of classroom-based and online learning formats. * Accounts for the growth of learning experiences driven by artificial intelligence, algorithms, surveillance, and other technology-based enhancements. * Explores the contradictions between formalization and progress in higher education.

* Investigates the origins of formalization, its types and phases, and its applications to a variety of classroom-based and online learning formats. * Accounts for the growth of learning experiences driven by artificial intelligence, algorithms, surveillance, and other technology-based enhancements. * Explores the contradictions between formalization and progress in higher education.