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'A country does not become corrupt and weak overnight. Rather, we
are now reaping the evil harvest of what previous generations
sowed.' The power, anger and fluency of Liang Qichao's writings
make him one of the towering figures in modern Chinese literature.
He saw his great, almost unmanageable task as an attempt to write
China into the new era - to provide an ancient country, devastated
by civil war and foreign predators, with the intellectual equipment
to renew itself. Liang said that he wrote from an 'ice-drinker's
studio', implying that underneath his dispassionate, disabused and
rational tone lay an ardour and passion which only ice could cool.
China could only recover through a clear-sighted, informed
understanding of its enemies - and by engaging in a thorough-going
self-critique. Liang did not propose aping the West but taking only
what China needed to 'renew the people' and create 'new citizens'.
Then China would be able to expel its invaders, reform its society
and become a great power once more. This selection of pieces shows
Liang's extraordinary range and the burning sense of mission which
drove him on, attempting to galvanize and refresh an entire nation.
Blending together Confucianism, Buddhism and the Western
Enlightenment, Liang's ideas about nation, democracy, and morality
had a profound impact on Chinese visions of the political order,
though the China that eventually emerged from the further disasters
of the 1930s and 1940s would be a very different one.
Providing historical insights essential to the understanding of
contemporary China, this text presents a nation's story of trauma
and growth during the early twentieth century. It explains how
China's defeat by Japan in 1895 prompted an explosion of radical
reform proposals and the beginning of elite Chinese disillusionment
with the Qing government. The book explores how this event also
prompted five decades of efforts to strengthen the state and the
nation, democratize the political system, and build a fairer and
more unified society. Peter Zarrow weaves narrative together with
thematic chapters that pause to address in-depth themes central to
China's transformation. While the book proceeds chronologically,
the chapters in each part examine particular aspects of these
decades in a more focused way, borrowing from methodologies of the
social sciences, cultural studies, and empirical historicism.
Essential reading for both students and instructors alike, it draws
a picture of the personalities, ideas and processes by which a
modern state was created out of the violence and trauma of these
decades.
From 1885-1924, China underwent a period of acute political
struggle and cultural change, brought on by a radical change in
thought: after over 2,000 years of monarchical rule, the Chinese
people stopped believing in the emperor. These forty years saw the
collapse of Confucian political orthodoxy and the struggle among
competing definitions of modern citizenship and the state. What
made it possible to suddenly imagine a world without the emperor?
"After Empire" traces the formation of the modern Chinese idea of
the state through the radical reform programs of the late Qing
(1885-1911), the Revolution of 1911, and the first years of the
Republic through the final expulsion of the last emperor of the
Qing from the Forbidden City in 1924. It contributes to
longstanding debates on modern Chinese nationalism by highlighting
the evolving ideas of major political thinkers and the views
reflected in the general political culture.
Zarrow uses a wide range of sources to show how "statism" became a
hegemonic discourse that continues to shape China today. Essential
to this process were the notions of citizenship and sovereignty,
which were consciously adopted and modified from Western discourses
on legal theory and international state practices on the basis of
Chinese needs and understandings. This text provides fresh
interpretations and keen insights into China's pivotal transition
from dynasty to republic.
From 1885OCo1924, China underwent a period of acute political
struggle and cultural change, brought on by a radical change in
thought: after over 2,000 years of monarchical rule, the Chinese
people stopped believing in the emperor. These forty years saw the
collapse of Confucian political orthodoxy and the struggle among
competing definitions of modern citizenship and the state. What
made it possible to suddenly imagine a world without the emperor?
"After Empire" traces the formation of the modern Chinese idea of
the state through the radical reform programs of the late Qing
(1885OCo1911), the Revolution of 1911, and the first years of the
Republic through the final expulsion of the last emperor of the
Qing from the Forbidden City in 1924. It contributes to
longstanding debates on modern Chinese nationalism by highlighting
the evolving ideas of major political thinkers and the views
reflected in the general political culture.
Zarrow uses a wide range of sources to show how statism became a
hegemonic discourse that continues to shape China today. Essential
to this process were the notions of citizenship and sovereignty,
which were consciously adopted and modified from Western discourses
on legal theory and international state practices on the basis of
Chinese needs and understandings. This text provides fresh
interpretations and keen insights into China's pivotal transition
from dynasty to republic.
Providing historical insights essential to the understanding of
contemporary China, this text presents a nation's story of trauma
and growth during the early twentieth century. It explains how
China's defeat by Japan in 1895 prompted an explosion of radical
reform proposals and the beginning of elite Chinese disillusionment
with the Qing government. The book explores how this event also
prompted five decades of efforts to strengthen the state and the
nation, democratize the political system, and build a fairer and
more unified society. Peter Zarrow weaves narrative together with
thematic chapters that pause to address in-depth themes central to
China's transformation. While the book proceeds chronologically,
the chapters in each part examine particular aspects of these
decades in a more focused way, borrowing from methodologies of the
social sciences, cultural studies, and empirical historicism.
Essential reading for both students and instructors alike, it draws
a picture of the personalities, ideas and processes by which a
modern state was created out of the violence and trauma of these
decades.
China’s past and present have been in a continuous dialogue
throughout history, one that is heavily influenced by time and
language: the temporal orientation and the linguistic apparatus
used to express and solidify identity, ideas, and practices.
Presenting a host of in-depth case studies, Time and Language: New
Sinology and Chinese History argues for and demonstrates the
significance of "New Sinology" by restoring the role of
language/philology in the research and understanding of how modern
China emerged. Reading the modern as a careful and ongoing
conversation with the past renders the "new" in a different
perspective. This volume is a significant step toward a new
historical narrative of China’s modern history, one wherein
"ruptures" can exist in tandem with continuities. The collection
accentuates the deep connection between language and power—one
that spans well across China’s long past—and hence the immense
consequences of linguistic-related methodology to the comprehension
of power structures and identity in China. Each of the essays in
this volume tackles these issues, the methodological and the
thematic, from a different angle but they all share the Sinological
prism of analysis and the basic understanding that a much longer
timeframe is required to make sense of Chinese modernity. The
languages examined are diverse, including modern and classical
Chinese, as well as Manchu and Japanese. Taken together they bring
a spectrum of linguistic perspectives and hence a spectrum of power
relations and identities to the forefront. While the essays focus
on late Qing and early twentieth-century eras, they refer often to
earlier periods, which are necessary to making real sense of later
eras. The methodological and the thematic do not only converge, but
also generate a plea for fostering and expanding this approach in
current and future studies.
In this major study, Peter Zarrow examines how textbooks published
for the Chinese school system played a major role in shaping new
social, cultural, and political trends, the ways in which schools
conveyed traditional and 'new style' knowledge and how they sought
to socialize students in a rapidly changing society in the first
decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on language, morality
and civics, history, and geography, Zarrow shows that textbooks
were quick to reflect the changing views of Chinese elites during
this period. Officials and educators wanted children to understand
the physical and human worlds, including the evolution of society,
the institutions of the economy, and the foundations of the
nation-state. Through textbooks, Chinese elites sought ways to link
these abstractions to the concrete lives of children, conveying a
variety of interpretations of enlightenment, citizenship, and
nationalism that would shape a generation as modern citizens of a
new China.
China’s past and present have been in a continuous dialogue
throughout history, one that is heavily influenced by time and
language: the temporal orientation and the linguistic apparatus
used to express and solidify identity, ideas, and practices.
Presenting a host of in-depth case studies, Time and Language: New
Sinology and Chinese History argues for and demonstrates the
significance of "New Sinology" by restoring the role of
language/philology in the research and understanding of how modern
China emerged. Reading the modern as a careful and ongoing
conversation with the past renders the "new" in a different
perspective. This volume is a significant step toward a new
historical narrative of China’s modern history, one wherein
"ruptures" can exist in tandem with continuities. The collection
accentuates the deep connection between language and power—one
that spans well across China’s long past—and hence the immense
consequences of linguistic-related methodology to the comprehension
of power structures and identity in China. Each of the essays in
this volume tackles these issues, the methodological and the
thematic, from a different angle but they all share the Sinological
prism of analysis and the basic understanding that a much longer
timeframe is required to make sense of Chinese modernity. The
languages examined are diverse, including modern and classical
Chinese, as well as Manchu and Japanese. Taken together they bring
a spectrum of linguistic perspectives and hence a spectrum of power
relations and identities to the forefront. While the essays focus
on late Qing and early twentieth-century eras, they refer often to
earlier periods, which are necessary to making real sense of later
eras. The methodological and the thematic do not only converge, but
also generate a plea for fostering and expanding this approach in
current and future studies.
Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold's "Roman Civilization" is a
classic. Originally published by Columbia University Press in 1955,
the authors have undertaken another revision which takes into
account recent work in the field. These volumes consist of selected
primary documents from ancient Rome, covering a range of over 1,000
years of Roman culture, from the foundation of the city to its
sacking by the Goths.
The selections cover a broad spectrum of Roman civilization,
including literature, philosophy, religion, education, politics,
military affairs, and economics. These English translations of
literary, inscriptional, and papyrological sources, many of which
are available nowhere else, create a mosaic of the brilliance, the
beauty, and the power of Rome.
In this major study, Peter Zarrow examines how textbooks published
for the Chinese school system played a major role in shaping new
social, cultural, and political trends, the ways in which schools
conveyed traditional and 'new style' knowledge and how they sought
to socialize students in a rapidly changing society in the first
decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on language, morality
and civics, history, and geography, Zarrow shows that textbooks
were quick to reflect the changing views of Chinese elites during
this period. Officials and educators wanted children to understand
the physical and human worlds, including the evolution of society,
the institutions of the economy, and the foundations of the
nation-state. Through textbooks, Chinese elites sought ways to link
these abstractions to the concrete lives of children, conveying a
variety of interpretations of enlightenment, citizenship, and
nationalism that would shape a generation as modern citizens of a
new China.
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