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This book re-examines the origins of modern Mongolian nationalism,
discussing nation building as sponsored by the socialist Mongolian
People's Revolutionary Party and the Soviet Union and emphasizing
in particular the role of the arts and the humanities. It considers
the politics and society of the early revolutionary period and
assesses the ways in which ideas about nationhood were constructed
in a response to Soviet socialism. It goes on to analyze the
consequences of socialist cultural and social transformations on
pastoral, Kazakh, and other identities and outlines the
implications of socialist nation building on post-socialist
Mongolian national identity. Overall, Socialist and Post-Socialist
Mongolia highlights how Mongolia's population of widely scattered
seminomadic pastoralists posed challenges for socialist
administrators attempting to create a homogenous mass nation of
individual citizens who share a set of cultural beliefs, historical
memories, collective symbols, and civic ideas; additionally, the
book addresses the changes brought more recently by democratic
governance.
This book re-examines the origins of modern Mongolian nationalism,
discussing nation building as sponsored by the socialist Mongolian
People’s Revolutionary Party and the Soviet Union and emphasizing
in particular the role of the arts and the humanities. It considers
the politics and society of the early revolutionary period and
assesses the ways in which ideas about nationhood were constructed
in a response to Soviet socialism. It goes on to analyze the
consequences of socialist cultural and social transformations on
pastoral, Kazakh, and other identities and outlines the
implications of socialist nation building on post-socialist
Mongolian national identity. Overall, Socialist and Post-Socialist
Mongolia highlights how Mongolia’s population of widely scattered
seminomadic pastoralists posed challenges for socialist
administrators attempting to create a homogenous mass nation of
individual citizens who share a set of cultural beliefs, historical
memories, collective symbols, and civic ideas; additionally, the
book addresses the changes brought more recently by democratic
governance. Chapters 2 and 3 of this book are freely available as
downloadable Open Access PDFs at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under
a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives
(CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Language, Literacy, and Social Change in Mongolia is the first
full-length treatment of literacy in Mongolian. Challenging
readers' assumptions about Central Asia and Mongolia, this book
focuses on Mongolians' experiences with reading and writing
throughout the past 100 years. Literacy, as a powerful historical
and social variable, shows readers how reading and writing have
shaped the lives of Mongolians and, at the same time, how reading
and writing have been transformed by historical, political,
economic, and other social forces. Mongolian literacy serves as an
especially rich area of inquiry because of the dramatic political,
economic, and social changes that occurred in the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries. For the seventy years during which Mongolia
was a part of the communist Soviet world, literacy played an
important role in how Mongolians identified themselves, conceived
of the past, and created a new social order. Literacy was also a
part of the story of authoritarianism and state violence. It was
used to express the authority of the communist Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party, control the pastoral population, and suppress
non-socialist beliefs and practices. Mongolians' reading and
writing opportunities and resources were tightly controlled, and
the language policy of replacing the traditional Mongolian script
with the Cyrillic alphabet immediately followed the violent
repression of Buddhist leaders, government officials, and
intellectuals. Beginning with the 1990 Democratic Revolution,
Mongolians have been thrust into free-market capitalism,
privatization, globalization, and neoliberalism. In post-socialist
Mongolia, literacy no longer serves as the center for Mongolian
identity. Government subsidies to pastoral literacy resources have
been slashed, and administrators now find themselves competing with
other "developing countries" for educational funding. Due to the
pressures caused by globalization, Mongolians have begun to talk
about literacy and language in terms of crisis and anxiety. As
global flows of English compete with new symbols from the distant
past, Mongolians worry about the perceived lowering standards of
Mongolian linguistic usage amid rapid economic changes. These
worries also reveal themselves in official language policies and
manifest themselves in the multiple languages and scripts that
appear in the capital of Ulaanbaatar and other urban areas.
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