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Most discussions of India's substantive economic growth since the
1990s tend to focus on national level statistics or on particular
sectors such as the financial and call service sectors or on the
pharmaceutical industry. But with a population of 1.2 billion,
India demands to be treated like a collection of individual
"countries, " rather than a unified nation. Ten of its states have
populations equaling or exceeding that of the United Kingdom. If
the state of Uttar Pradesh were a country, it would be the fourth
largest, behind China, India, and the United States. These facts
pointedly tell us that if we are to understand the ongoing
experiment in economic reforms and poverty alleviation, we must
study India at the level of the state. In this spirit, State Level
Reforms and Growth and Development in Indian States provides the
first-ever comprehensive analysis of growth at the highly diverse
state level. The authors argue that when the national government
loosened its stronghold on industry and services, state governments
were able to shape the fortunes of their citizens through
state-level policy reforms. Because of this, every Indian state
experienced accelerated growth, unlike China during the first two
decades of its development when the eastern half flourished as the
western half lagged. Every Indian state has grown faster in the
last decade than any other decade in the post-independence era. In
fact, some of the poorest states, notably Bihar and Orissa, have
been growing the fastest. Professors Panagariya and Chakraborty and
Dr. Rao refute the common assumptions that growth has not occurred
or that poverty has not been reduced in all Indian states. The
recent reforms have also led to improved access in every state to
basic amenities such as permanent houses, electricity, water, and
sanitation. These accomplishments notwithstanding, regional
inequality on a per capita basis has grown as well. Reforms in
state-controlled sectors such as agriculture, industry, healthcare,
and education have not advanced as far as some analysts previously
predicted. The authors outline the reforms in these areas and draw
on the experience of states that have successfully carried out some
of them. The authors pay special attention to reforms in the areas
of education and health while recognizing that the Indian
constitution vests in the states much of this legislative and other
authority and while considering the real absolute rise in income,
literacy, and health status across all the states.
Since 1970s environment has emerged as a major subject of intensive
international care because the world environment is a composite
global resource, sustaining life for all of us and hence it needs
to be preserved. This work is a preliminary step to examine the
pattern of trade and environmental effects in a North-South
framework through a standard general equilibrium model and show new
way to analyze the traditional trade theories.It will motivate
further analysis of Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin trade model in
the context of North-South trade pattern specially pollution haven
and relocation of dirty industries worldwide.
This book is an analytical examination of financing and public
service delivery challenges in a decentralized framework. It also
provides critical insights into the effectiveness of public
expenditure, through benefit incidence analysis of education and
healthcare services in India. The benefits of decentralization
always come with conflicts and trade-offs. By unpacking the process
of decentralization, the authors identify that 'unfunded mandates',
arising from the asymmetry between finances and functions at local
levels, are a major challenge. The analysis is carried out by
distilling the existing studies in this area, and through an
empirical investigation of public finance data at different public
sector levels in India, as well as in some selected developing
countries. Using the household survey statistics of consumption
expenditure, an analysis of utilization or benefit incidence of
public spending on social sectors in India is achieved, covering
education and health sectors. This title is available as Open
Access on Cambridge Core.
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