Cellulases in the Biofuel Industry discusses how the properties of cellulases affects the quality of the biofuels produced. Heralded as the solution to humanity's energy problem and the savior of the world's climate, extensive research is being carried out on biofuels but there are still gaps in our understanding. This book presents cost-effective and current scenarios for cellulase production in the biofuel industry, including the most recent advancements for obtaining cellulases with higher activity on pre-treated biomass substrates by screening and sequencing new organisms, engineering cellulases with improved properties, and by identifying proteins that can stimulate cellulases. The mechanism and efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system on cellulose is discussed with the specific classification of each cellulase enzyme, as well as explanations of the limitation of cellulases in terms of their production processes, efficiency and practical applications to biofuels. Various approaches to improve the production and efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system are evaluated, along with the current limitations that are hampering cost-effective production of cellulase and guidance on how these limitations might be resolved.

Lignocellulosic Biomass in Biotechnology highlights significant aspects of lignocellulose biotechnology, demonstrating its potential value from an application perspective. Sections cover the physico-chemical characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass, the physical and structural properties of hemicelluloses, celluloses and lignin, sources of lignocellulosic biomass , microorganisms and their lignocellulytic enzymes, enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass, regulation of cell-wall degrading enzymes, barriers to lignocellulose biodegradation, biotechnological importance of lignocellulosic biomass, lignocellulosic pretreatment techniques, bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass, lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment methods, valuable chemicals and products, techno-economic evaluation and future perspectives. This book answers questions surrounding the biotechnology of lignocelluloses. It is ideal for both students and professionals in the industry supply chain. It also provides a reference for researchers and administrators engaged in the utilization and industrial development of agricultural resources.

Carbon Fiber, Second Edition, brings together available information on the production, properties, application and future of carbon fibers. This book will be of interest to those involved in the investigation of carbon fiber, carbon fiber manufacturing, and users. In addition, the recycling of carbon fiber reinforced polymers and the manufacturing of composites from recycled carbon fiber reinforced polymers are discussed. The book offers in-depth coverage on the production of carbon fiber and the global carbon fiber market, demand and major growth drivers. Carbon structures from biowaste, waste lignin and novel processes to obtain high purity lignin are presented, along with future directions.

Biotechnology in the Chemical Industry: Towards a Green and Sustainable Future focuses on achievements and prospects for biotechnology in sustainable production of goods and services, especially those that are derived at present mostly from the traditional chemical industry. It considers the future impact of industrial biotechnology and lays out the major research areas which must be addressed to move from a flourishing set of scientific disciplines to a major contributor to a successful future knowledge-based economy. The book focuses on the research needed to underpin three broad topics: biomass, bio-processes and bio-products, including bio-energy. Readers, including advanced students, researchers, industry professionals, academics, analysts, consultants, and anyone else interested, or involved in biotechnology will find this book very informative.

Developments and Applications of Enzymes from Thermophilic Microorganisms extensively presents the industrial application of thermophilic/hyperthermophilic enzymes. The book brings thorough and in-depth coverage on the role of these enzymes in a broad range of industries, focusing on present scenarios of these enzymes in biofuel industries, including recent advancements. The use of thermophilic enzymes in 2G biorefineries may enable the whole production process to take place at high temperatures, allowing increased reaction rate and reduced costs. Researchers in biochemistry, microbiology, microbial technology, biotechnology, molecular biology and bioresource technology will benefit from the new insights given on potential applications of hyperthermophiles. Hyperthermophilic enzymes, many of which survive at temperatures at or above 100C, contain novel macromolecules and metabolic systems which represent a vast resource for fundamental molecular and physiological studies, and for potential exploitation in biotechnology.

Biobased Polymers: Properties and Applications in Packaging looks at how biopolymers may be used in packaging as a potential green solution. The book addresses bio-based feedstocks, production processes, packaging types, recent trends in packaging, the environmental impact of bio-based polymers, and legislative demands for food contact packaging materials. Chapters explore opportunities for biopolymers in key end-use sectors, the penetration of biopolymer based concepts in the packaging market, and barriers to widespread commercialization. As the development of bio-based material is an important factor for sustainably growing the packaging industry, these recent trends in consumer markets are extremely important as we move towards greener packaging. Hence, this resource is an invaluable addition on the topic.

Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Raw Material and Pulp Making, Third Edition is a comprehensive reference for industry and academia covering the entire gamut of pulping technology. This book provides a thorough introduction to the entire technology of pulp manufacture; features chapters covering all aspects of pulping from wood handling at the mill site through pulping and bleaching and pulp drying. It also includes a discussion on bleaching chemicals, recovery of pulping spent liquors and regeneration of chemicals used and the manufacture of side products. The secondary fiber recovery and utilization and current advances like organosolv pulping and attempts to close the cycle in bleaching plants are also included. Hundreds of illustrations, charts, and tables help the reader grasp the concepts being presented. This book will provide professionals in the field with the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the state-of- the-art techniques and aspects involved in pulp making. It has been updated, revised and extended. Alongside the traditional aspects of pulping and papermaking processes, this book also focuses on biotechnological methods, which is the distinguishing feature of this book. It includes wood-based products and chemicals, production of dissolving pulp, hexenuronic acid removal, alternative chemical recovery processes, forest products biorefinery. The most significant changes in the areas of raw material preparation and handling, pulping and recycled fiber have been included. A total of 11 new chapters have been added. This handbook is essential reading for all chemists and engineers in the paper and pulp industry.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Chemical Recovery examines the scientific and technical advances that have been made in chemical recovery, including the very latest developments. It looks at general aspects of the chemical recovery process and its significance, black liquor evaporation, black liquor combustion, white liquor preparation, and lime reburning. The book also describes the technologies for chemical recovery of nonwood black liquor, as well as direct alkali regeneration systems in small pulp mills. In addition, it includes a discussion of alternative chemical recovery processes, i.e. alternative causticization and gasification processes, and the progress being made in the recovery of filler, coating color, and pigments. Furthermore, it discusses the utilization of new value streams (fuels and chemicals) from residuals and spent pulping liquor, including related environmental challenges.

Microbial Xylanolytic Enzymes describes the enzyme structure and its interaction with plant cell walls, the properties and production of different enzymes and their applications, and the knowledge gathered on the hydrolysis mechanism of hemicellulose. The knowledge gathered about the hydrolysis mechanism of the hemicelluloses, especially xylans, has greatly promoted the rapid application of these enzymes in new areas. In recent years, there has been a spurt of interest in xylan degrading enzymes due to their applications in several industrial processes, including paper and pulp industries, food and feed industries, biofuel industry, textile industry, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, brewing industry, and more. Xylan is the principal type of hemicellulose. An enzymatic complex is responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan, but the main enzymes involved are enzymes produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoans, and more.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Chemicals features in-depth and thorough coverage of Chemical additives in the Pulp and Paper Industry. It discusses use of Enzymes "Green Chemicals" that can improve operations in pulp and paper, describes Chemicals demanded by the end user and many key and niche players such as Akzo Nobel NV, Eka Chemicals AB, Ashland, Inc., BASF, Buckman Laboratories International, Inc., Clariant, Cytec Industries, Inc., Enzymatic Deinking Technologies, LLC, ERCO Worldwide, FMC Corporation, Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Georgia-Pacific Chemicals LLC, Imerys SA, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Novozymes, Kemira Chemicals, Nalco Holding Company, Omya AG, Solvay AG, and Solvay Chemicals, Inc.. Paper and pulp processing and additive chemicals are an integral part of the total papermaking process from pulp slurry, through sheet formation, to effluent disposal. Environmental concerns, increased use of recycled waste paper as a replacement for virgin pulp, changes in bleaching and pulping processes, increased efficiency requirements for the papermaking process, limits on effluent discharge as well as international competitiveness have greatly impacted the paper and pulp chemical additive market. This book features in-depth and thorough coverage of Chemical additives in Pulp and Paper Industry.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Microbiological Issues in Papermaking features in-depth and thorough coverage of microbiological issues in papermaking and their consequences and the current state of the different alternatives for prevention, treatment and control of biofilm/slime considering the impact of the actual technological changes in papermaking on the control programmes. The microbial issues in paper mill systems, chemistry of deposits on paper machines, the strategies for deposit control and methods used for the analysis of biofouling are all dealt in this book along with various growth prevention methods. The traditional use of biocides is discussed taken into account the new environmental regulations regarding their use. Finally, discusses the trends regarding the future of the microbiological control in papermaking systems.

Paper recycling in an increasingly environmentally conscious world is gaining importance. Increased recycling activities are being driven by robust overseas markets as well as domestic demand. Recycled fibers play a very important role today in the global paper industry as a substitute for virgin pulps. Paper recovery rates continue to increase year after year

Recycling technologies have been improved in recent years by advances in pulping, flotation deinking and cleaning/screening, resulting in the quality of paper made from secondary fibres approaching that of virgin paper. The process is a lot more eco-friendly than the virgin-papermaking process, using less energy and natural resources, produce less solid waste and fewer atmospheric emissions, and helps to preserve natural resources and landfill space.

Currently more than half of the paper is produced from recovered papers. Most of them are used to produce brown grades paper and board but for the last two decades, there is a substantial increase in the use of recovered papers to produce, through deinking, white grades such as newsprint, tissue, market pulp.

By using recycled paper, companies can take a significant step toward reducing their overall environmental impacts. This study deals with the scientific and technical advances in recycling and deinking including new developments.
Covers in great depth all the aspects of recycling technologiesCovers the latest science and technology in recyclingProvides up-to-date, authoritative information and cites many mills experiences and pertinent researchIncludes the use of biotech methods for deinking, refining. and improving drainage

This book provides an updated and detailed overview on the recent developments of bioethanol technology. It looks at the historical perspectives, chemistry, sources and production of ethanol and discusses biotechnology breakthroughs and promising developments, its uses, advantages, problems, environmental effects and characteristics. In addition, it presents information about ethanol in different parts of the world and also highlights the challenges and future of ethanol. The first edition of this book was published as a SpringerBriefs in 2013. Since then, many new developments have taken place in the last six years. This new edition will highlight the evolution in bioethanol development from first-generation production to the futuristic fourth-generation bioethanol production, the various constraints and challenges involved, and the scope for development. This book caters to the audience who are interested in alternative transportation fuels which are both biodegradable and sustainable to the environment.

Pulp and paper mill industries are always associated with the disposal problem of highly contaminated sludge or bio-solids. The development of innovative systems to maximize recovery of useful materials and/or energy in a sustainable way has become necessary. The management of wastes, in particular of industrial waste, in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner is one of the most critical issues facing modern industry, mainly due to the increased difficulties in properly locating disposal works and complying with even more stringent environmental quality requirements imposed by legislation. This book presents a general Introduction on waste management in the pulp and paper industry and contains topics on the generation of waste in pulp and paper mills, waste composition, methods of sludge pre-treatment, processes and technologies for conversion of pulp and paper mill waste into valuable products, waste reduction techniques employed in the pulp and paper Industry worldwide and future trends.

Pulp and paper production has increased globally and will continue to increase in the near future. Approximately 155 million tons of wood pulp is produced worldwide and about 260 million is projected for 2010. To cope with the increasing demand, an increase in production and improved environmental performance is needed as the industry is under constant pressure to reduce environmental emissions to air and water. This book gives updated information on environmentally benign approaches for pulp bleaching, which can help solve the problems associated with conventional bleaching technologies.
Main focus is on the environmentally-friendly technologies that can help solve some of the problems associated with conventional bleaching technologiesInformation given is up-to-date, authoritative, and cites the experiences of many mills and pertinent research, which is of interest to those working in the industry or intending to do soCovers in great depth all the aspects of various bleaching processes including environmental issues

The book provides the most up-to-date information available on various biotechnological processes useful in the pulp and paper industry. The first edition was published in 2011, covering a specific biotechnological process or technique, discussing the advantages, limitations, and prospects of the most important and popular processes used in the industry. Many new developments have taken place in the last five years, warranting a second edition on this topic. The new edition contains about 35% new material covering topics in Laccase application in fibreboard; biotechnology in forestry; pectinases in papermaking; stickies control with pectinase; products from hemicelluloses; value added products from biorefinery lignin; use of enzymes in mechanical pulping.

This book features in-depth and thorough coverage of Minimum Impact Mill Technologies which can meet the environmental challenges of the pulp and paper industry and also discusses Mills and Fiberlines that encompass "State-of-the-Art" technology and management practices. The minimum impact mill does not mean "zero effluent", nor is it exclusive to one bleaching concept. It is a much bigger concept which means that significant progress must be made in the following areas: Water Management, Internal Chemical Management, Energy Management, Control and Discharge of Non-Process Elements and Removal of Hazardous Pollutants. At the moment, there is no bleached kraft pulp mill operating with zero effluent. With the rise in environmental awareness due to the lobbying by environmental organizations and with increased government regulation there is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry. Sustainable pulp and paper manufacturing requires a holistic view of the manufacturing process. During the last decade, there have been revolutionary technical developments in pulping, bleaching and chemical recovery technology. These developments have made it possible to further reduce loads in effluents and airborne emissions. Thus, there has been a strong progress towards minimum impact mills in the pulp and paper industry. The minimum-impact mill is a holistic manufacturing concept that encompasses environmental management systems, compliance with environmental laws and regulations and manufacturing technologies.

"Xylanolytic Enzymes" describes the enzyme structure and its interaction with plant cell walls, the properties and production of different enzymes and their application, and the knowledge gathered on the hydrolysis mechanism of hemicellulose. The knowledge gathered about the hydrolysis mechanism of the hemicelluloses, especially xylans, has greatly promoted the rapid application of these enzymes in new areas.

Recently there has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement and for the manufacturing of food, drinks, textiles, pulps and paper, and ethanol; and in xylitol production as a fermentation substrate for the production of enzymes. This book describes xylan as a major component of plant hemicelluloses.
Presents a thorough overview of all aspects of xylanolytic enzymesGives up-to-date authoritative information and cites pertinent researchIncludes studies on xylanase regulation and synergistic action between multiple forms of xylanase

Nonwood Plant Fibers for Pulp and Paper examines the use of nonwood plant fibers for pulp and paper, worldwide pulping capacity of nonwood fibers, categories of non-wood raw materials, problems associated with the utilization of non-wood fibers, pulping, bleaching, chemical recovery and papermaking of nonwood raw materials, the use of nonwood plant fibers in specific paper and paperboard grades, and the advantages and drawbacks of using nonwood fiber for papermaking and future prospects. This book gives professionals in the field the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the state-of- the-art techniques and aspects involved in pulp and paper making from nonwood plant fibers.

Biomass to Energy Conversion Technologies: The Road to Commercialization examines biomass production, biomass types, properties and characterization, and energy conversion technologies with an emphasis on the production of a gaseous fuel to supplement the gas derived from the landfilling of organic wastes (landfill gas) and used in gas engines to produce electricity. The book discusses the integration of both fermentation and anaerobic digestion in a biorefinery concept that allows the production of ethanol-along with biogas-to be used to produce heat and electricity, thus improving overall energy balance. Included case studies based on worldwide projects discuss both risks and challenges. The main studies on the combination of both bioethanol and biogas production processes are reviewed and the strength and weakness of the integrated treatment for industrial application are highlighted. The book also considers gasification technologies and their potential for biomass gasification and lists the advantages and disadvantages of using of biomass as a source of energy, the path of commercialization of the various processes, energy related environmental issues.

Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Paper and Board Making, Third Edition provides a thorough introduction to paper and board making, providing paper technologists recent information. The book emphasizes principles and concepts behind papermaking, detailing both the physical and chemical processes. It has been updated, revised and extended. Several new chapters have been added. Papermaking chemistry has found an adequate scope covering this important area by basics and practical application. Scientific and technical advances in refining, including the latest developments have been presented. The process of stock preparation describes the unit processes. An exhaustive overview of Chemical additives in Pulp and Paper Industry is included. Paper and pulp processing and additive chemicals are an integral part of the total papermaking process from pulp slurry, through sheet formation, to effluent disposal. Water circuits with loop designs and circuit closure are presented. The chapter on paper and board manufacture covers the different sections in the paper machine and also fabrics, rolls and roll covers, and describes the different types of machines producing the various paper and board grades. Coating is dealt with in a separate chapter covering color formulation and preparation and also coating application. Paper finishing gives an insight into what happens at roll slitting and handling. The chapter on environmental impact includes waste water treatment and handling, air emissions, utilization and solid residue generation and mitigation . The major paper and board grades and their properties, are described. Biotechnological methods for paper processing are also presented. This handbook is essential reading for Applied Chemists, Foresters, Chemical Engineers, Wood Scientists, and Pulp and Paper technologist/ Engineers, and anyone else interested or involved in the pulp and paper industry.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Emerging Waste Water Treatment Technologies is the first book which comprehensively reviews this topic. Over the past decade, pulp and paper companies have continued to focus on minimizing fresh water use and effluent discharges as part of their move towards sustainable operating practices. Three stages-basic conservation, water reuse and water recycling-provide a systematic approach to water resource management. Implementing these stages requires increased financial investment and better utilization of water resources. The ultimate goal for pulp and paper companies is to have effluent-free factories with no negative environmental impact. The traditional water treatment technologies that are used in paper mills are not able to remove recalcitrant contaminants. Therefore, advanced water treatment technologies are being included in industrial wastewater treatment chains aiming to either improve water biodegradability or its final quality. This book discusses various measures being adopted by the pulp and paper industry to reduce water consumption and treatment techniques to treat wastewater to recover it for reuse. The book also examines the emerging technologies for treatment of effluents and presents examples of full-scale installations.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Nanotechnology in Forest Industry covers the latest scientific and technical advances in the area of nanotechnology in forest sector providing information on recent developments, structure and properties, raw materials and methods for the production of nanocellulose along with their characterization and application in various industries with an analysis of both challenges and opportunities with respect to environmentally sound technologies and consumer concerns such as health effects. Also identifies the key barriers to innovation, and the breakthroughs required to make nanocellulosic materials viable alternatives in the important sectors.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Energy Conservation presents a number of energy-efficient technologies and practices that are cost-effective and available for implementation today. Emerging energy-efficient technologies and future prospects in this field are also dealt with. Qualitative and quantitative results/data on energy savings for various steps of pulp and paper making process are presented. There is no specific book on this topic. This will be a comprehensive reference in the field.