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This book systematically discusses the vegetation dynamics in
northern China since the LGM, with a focus on three dominant tree
species (Pinus, Quercus and Betula). By integrating methods of
palaeoecology, phylogeography and species distribution model, it
reconstructs the glacial refugia in northern China, demonstrating
that the species were located further north than previously assumed
during the LGM. The postglacial dynamics of forest distribution
included not only long-distance north-south migration but also
local spread from LGM micro-refugia in northern China. On the
regional scale, the book shows the altitudinal migration pattern of
the three dominant tree genera and the role of topographical
factors in the migration of the forest-steppe border. On the
catchment scale, it analyzes Huangqihai Lake, located in the
forest-steppe ecotone in northern China, to indentify the local
forest dynamics response to the Holocene climatic change. It shows
that local forests have various modes of response to the climate
drying, including shrubland expansion, savannification and
replacement of steppe. In brief, these studies at different
space-time scales illustrate the effects of climate, topography and
other factors on forest migration.
The book examines the rights of defendants in infringement
procedures and those of the notifying parties in merger proceedings
before the European Commission and the Chinese competition
authorities. The initial chapters offer a general introduction to
EU and Chinese competition law respectively, paying particular
attention to the substantive rules of competition law. Subsequent
chapters present an overview of the procedural rights of the
notifying parties in merger cases in both legal systems surveyed,
address the procedural rights of defendants in infringement cases,
and provide an international perspective on differences in the
notification and enforcement procedures between legal systems. The
final chapter draws comparative conclusions and includes a number
of suggestions for improvement.
The book examines the rights of defendants in infringement
procedures and those of the notifying parties in merger proceedings
before the European Commission and the Chinese competition
authorities. The initial chapters offer a general introduction to
EU and Chinese competition law respectively, paying particular
attention to the substantive rules of competition law. Subsequent
chapters present an overview of the procedural rights of the
notifying parties in merger cases in both legal systems surveyed,
address the procedural rights of defendants in infringement cases,
and provide an international perspective on differences in the
notification and enforcement procedures between legal systems. The
final chapter draws comparative conclusions and includes a number
of suggestions for improvement.
This book provides an introduction to the analysis of stochastic
dynamic models in biology and medicine. The main aim is to offer a
coherent set of probabilistic techniques and mathematical tools
which can be used for the simulation and analysis of various
biological phenomena. These tools are illustrated on a number of
examples. For each example, the biological background is described,
and mathematical models are developed following a unified set of
principles. These models are then analyzed and, finally, the
biological implications of the mathematical results are
interpreted. The biological topics covered include gene expression,
biochemistry, cellular regulation, and cancer biology. The book
will be accessible to graduate students who have a strong
background in differential equations, the theory of nonlinear
dynamical systems, Markovian stochastic processes, and both
discrete and continuous state spaces, and who are familiar with the
basic concepts of probability theory.
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