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Monumental Conflicts examines 20th century wars from the First
World War to the First Gulf War, each chapter analyzing how public
memory has evolved over time. The chapters raise fascinating
questions about war and memory: Why are wars remembered as they
are? What factors drive changes in public perception? What
implications arise from remembering and commemorating a war or
particular aspects of a war? What does public memory of a war say
about us as a society? The volume is divided into three sections
focusing on political evolution, negotiated memories of war, and
national pride and covers international wars from Afghanistan to
Vietnam and German deserter monuments to Vietnamese war tourism.
X-ray emission spectrography, while based on Moseley's work, as a
generally useful analytical method had its genesis in the work of
Friedman, Birks, and Brooks 30 years ago. The central theme of this
conference, quantitative methods in X-ray spectrometric analy sis,
and the large number of papers on that subject attest to the growth
of the application and usefulness of X-ray emission. It is a
privilege to have as an invited speaker Laverne Birks, one of the
original group that put X-ray emission into analytical chemistry.
Determination of elements above titanium in the periodic table was
considered the province of X-ray fluorescence, and most of the
early development was aimed at the analy sis of alloys. The papers
in this volume on metals analysis accept most operational features
as routine and have concentrated on the improved treatment of the
observed data in order to convert them to more accurate results. As
the treatment of matrix effects, geometry, and stability have been
better understood, corrections have become routine. For most
elements that are present in amounts greater than a few parts per
million, determinations can now be done with accuracies rivaling
wet methods. Trace quantities are being determined to lower and
lower amounts, largely owing to improvement of equipment and
development of concentration techniques. For most trace elements,
X-ray spectrography has become the preferred analytical method. The
develop ment of improved methods for separating signals from noise
should lead to major reduc tions in minimum detection levels.
Consider for a few moments the staggering magnitude of
technological advance which has occurred since the birth four
centuries ago of that early progenitor of the scientific method,
Galileo. Think also about the extent of scientific knowledge avail
able during the lifetime of Galileo and his associates; knowledge
increasing slowly through several centuries, accelerating rapidly
during the past twenty years, culminat ing at the present time in a
virtual impossibility that one person - one communit- possibly even
one nation - can hope to generate or use productively more than a
minute portion of the world's scientific knowledge. New
developments - expanded technological concepts - occur with
dazzling rapidity, often faster than they can be assimilated. At
the same time there are practical limitations to the extent of
formal education. Continuing education, upgrading of scientific
know-how, retraining to assure full utilization of existing
knowledge - these are urgent problems which today confront the
nation's scientific community. And there is never enough time. The
problem is compounded by the increasing burden of information
retrieval.
Sumner and Mallett review the literature on aid in light of shifts
in the aid system and the increasing concentration of the world's
poor in middle-income countries. As a consequence, they propose a
series of practical, policy relevant options for future development
cooperation, with the aim of provoking discussion and informing
policy.
The papers presented in this volume of Advances in X-Ray Analysis
were chosen from those presented at the Fourteenth Annual
Conference on the Applications of X-Ray Analysis. This conference,
sponsored by the Metallurgy Division of the Denver Research
Institute, University of Denver, was held on August 24,25, and 26,
1965, at the Albany Hotel in Denver, Colorado. Of the 56 papers
presented at the conference, 46 are included in this volume; also
included is an open discussion held on the effects of chemical com
bination on X-ray spectra. The subjects presented represent a broad
scope of applications of X-rays to a variety of fields and
disciplines. These included such fields as electron-probe
microanalysis, the effect of chemical combination on X-ray spectra,
and the uses of soft and ultrasoft X-rays in emission analysis.
Also included were sessions on X-ray diffraction and fluor escence
analysis. There were several papers on special topics, including
X-ray topography and X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis.
William L. Baun contributed considerable effort toward the
conference by organizing the session on the effect of chemical
combination on X-ray spectra fine structure. A special session was
established through the excellent efforts of S. P. Ong on the uses
and applica tions of soft X-rays in fluorescent analysis. We offer
our sincere thanks to these men, for these two special sessions
contributed greatly to the success of the conference.
The featured subject of the 1966 Denver X-Ray Conference was X-Ray
Diffraction Topography and Dynamical X-Ray Phenomena. One of the
chairmen of the featured ses sions, Professor R. A. Young, made the
following remarks at the conclusion of his session. We think they
are quite appropriate to the occasion and with his permission we
reproduce them here.
The University of Denver and its staff members deserve much credit
for organizing and operating this Denver X-ray Conference year
after year, for there seems to be no doubt that it and the yolumes
that result from it are filling a need. The interests covered by
the papers at one of these conferences vary from year to year and
as a whole cover a wide spread of topics. This is as it should be.
Old problems that have been with us for many years are being
attacked again with new and more effective tools, new problems are
continually arising, and new methods of great power are being
developed. These developments are occurring in each of the fields
covered, as may readily be seen by a glance at this twelfth volume
and other recent volumes of this series. It seems clear that the
policy of having these conferences and these volumes cover a wide
field rather than a single one such as, for example, structure
determination, or fluorescence analysis, is a policy that meets
with general approval and should be continued. I understand there
is every intention to do so. C. S. Barrett It is customary to
acknowledge in each volume the invited session chairmen of the
three-day meeting. They and the sessions at which they presided
(21-23 August 1968) were as follows: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND
DIFFRACTION. C. S. Barrett, University of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois. METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. B. C. Giessen,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The emerging shape of the post Cold War world provides evidence
that rather than diminishing, the profound intersection of
political ideology and religious forms of belief is an ever more
potent force in world affairs. This volume offers both theoretic
underpinnings, and a comparative analysis that elucidates this
potent and dangerous phenomenon.
Monumental Conflicts examines 20th century wars from the First
World War to the First Gulf War, each chapter analyzing how public
memory has evolved over time. The chapters raise fascinating
questions about war and memory: Why are wars remembered as they
are? What factors drive changes in public perception? What
implications arise from remembering and commemorating a war or
particular aspects of a war? What does public memory of a war say
about us as a society? The volume is divided into three sections
focusing on political evolution, negotiated memories of war, and
national pride and covers international wars from Afghanistan to
Vietnam and German deserter monuments to Vietnamese war tourism.
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