In 1987, the US Army implemented Operational Risk Management (ORM) techniques in an attempt to reduce mishaps. By the early 1990s, the Army reduced serious mishaps by more than 80 percent. In 1996, Air Combat Command (ACC) outlined its ORM implementation strategy in an attempt to reduce all types of mishaps while improving operational effectiveness. While this plan allows for a tailored approach to a wing's unique culture, the implementation has created some problems within ACC units. The commander of ACC emphasized that this implementation is a top down change in philosophy and not necessarily a new safety program. This is important because a cultural change is required to embed ORM seamlessly into everyday missions. The main problem found during this study was that units are attempting to quantify risks without the necessary information or knowledge of the limitations with risk quantification. In addition to this misguided quantification, units are not properly integrating ORM into the mission; thus creating extra work that has little benefit. ACC is taking steps to improve the ORM process at the unit level by providing better information databases and automated risk assessments during mission scheduling. However, these programs are not in place and because of the emphasis ORM has from the top leadership, ACC units are basically trying to do too much too soon. This could seriously impede the ORM implementation plan due to frustration from a lack of progress with regards to minimizing risks and improving mission benefits. This study recommends several possible solutions to these problems, but emphasizes that more study is needed to find the best possible solutions to the ORM problems in ACC units.

Heads UP is a harm reduction-based drinking prevention and research project that seeks to promote healthy behavioral choices among college students. Heads UP began as a collaborative project between Dr. Joseph LaBrie and the Heads UP team and the Department of Student Affairs at Loyola Marymount University. The present manual is designed to provide appropriate personnel a step by step process for implementing an empirically validated approach to reduce alcohol-related risk among students in small group settings, as well as ways to enhance risk-reducing programming on campuses. The authors use a Motivational Interviewing approach as well as utilizing the latest research in multi-component interventions to address alcohol misuse and abuse among today's youth. Included are explanations of the theoretical underpinning and scientific research supporting the effectiveness of these interventions, as well as intervention protocol including steps for pre and post evaluation, outline of actual facilitator dialogue, and examples of intervention worksheets.